Development and Validation of High-Throughput Bioanalytical Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Method for the Quantification of Newly Synthesized Antitumor Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Human Plasma

Abstract

In the present study, a sensitive and fully validated bioanalytical high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the quantitative determination of three newly synthesized carbonic anhydrases inhibitors (CAIs) with potential antitumor activity in human plasma. The analytes and the internal standard (IS) were extracted using 1.5 mL acetonitrile from only 450 µL aliquots of human plasma to achieve the desired protein precipitation. Chromatographic separations were achieved on Phenomenex Kinetex^® C₁₈ column (100 × 4.6 mm, 2.6 µm) using a binary gradient elution mode with a run time of less than 6 min. The mobile phase consisted of solvent (A): 0.1% formic acid in 50% methanol and solvent B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (30:70, v/v), pumped at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Detection was employed using triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (API 3500) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in the positive ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was selected for quantitation through monitoring the precursor-to-parent ion transition at m/z 291.9 → 173.0, m/z 396.9 → 225.1, m/z 388.9 → 217.0, and m/z 146.9 → 91.0 for AW-9a, WES-1, WES-2, and Coumarin (IS), respectively. Linearity was computed using the weighted least-squares linear regression method (1/x²) over a concentration range of 1-1000, 2.5-800, and 5-500 ng/mL for AW-9a, WES-1, and WES-2; respectively. The bioanalytical LC-MS/MS method was fully validated as per U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines with all respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, carry-over, selectivity, dilution integrity, and stability. The proposed LC-MS/MS method was applied successfully for the determination of all investigated drugs in spiked human plasma with no significant matrix effect, which is a crucial cornerstone in further therapeutic drug monitoring of newly developed therapeutic agents.

Keywords: LC-MS/MS; antitumor; bioanalytical validation; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; human plasma; tandem mass.

Figure 1

Chemical structures of the clinically approved (acetazolamide and furosemide) and newly synthesized (WES-1, WES-2, and AW-9a) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Figure 2

Representative mass chromatograms of blank human plasma spiked with 250 ng/mL IS (A1, B1, and C1) and 100 ng/ mL AW-9a (A2), 250 ng/mL WES-1 (B2), and 120 ng/mL WES-2 (C2).

Figure 3

Optimization of the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) parameters of the proposed method based on FIA MS/MS^ALL compound optimization tool in Analyst Hotfixes^TM software version 1.6.3.

Figure 4

Representative mass spectra for AW-9a, WES-1, and WES-2 by the proposed liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS method.