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Review
. 2020 Dec 5;9(12):2612.
doi: 10.3390/cells9122612.

Infection of Mammals and Mosquitoes by Alphaviruses: Involvement of Cell Death

Lucie Cappuccio  1   2 , Carine Maisse  1
Affiliations
Review

Infection of Mammals and Mosquitoes by Alphaviruses: Involvement of Cell Death

Lucie Cappuccio et al. Cells. .

Abstract

Alphaviruses, such as the chikungunya virus, are emerging and re-emerging viruses that pose a global public health threat. They are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, mainly mosquitoes, to humans and animals. Although alphaviruses cause debilitating diseases in mammalian hosts, it appears that they have no pathological effect on the mosquito vector. Alphavirus/host interactions are increasingly studied at cellular and molecular levels. While it seems clear that apoptosis plays a key role in some human pathologies, the role of cell death in determining the outcome of infections in mosquitoes remains to be fully understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on alphavirus-induced regulated cell death in hosts and vectors and the possible role they play in determining tolerance or resistance of mosquitoes.

Keywords: alphaviruses; apoptosis; cell death; mosquito; tolerance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Apoptosis and necroptosis in mammals. PM: plasma membrane, ER: endoplasmic reticulum, MAM: mitochondria-associated membranes, CYC: cytochrome c, IAP: inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, RIPK1/3: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1/3, Ub: uiquitin, p: phosphorylation, MLKL: mixed-lineage kinase domain-Like, FADD: Fas-associated protein with death domain, TRADD: tumor necrosis factor receptor super family (TNFR1)-associated death domain protein, TLR3/4: Toll-like receptor.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. PM: plasma membrane, TLR: Toll-like receptor, IFNAR1: Interferon associated-receptor 1, DAMP: damage-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns, ROS: reactive oxygen species, NLR: NOD-like receptor, IL: interleukin, LPS: lipopolysaccharide.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Possible interplay between cell death and alphavirus infection in Aedes mosquitoes: extrapolation from other arboviruses studies. BL: basal lamina, AeIAP: Aedes inhibitor of apoptosis protein. See Box 1 for RCD pathway description in insect.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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