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. 2020 Sep 10;45(4):e47.
doi: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e47. eCollection 2020 Nov.

Physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and penetration into dentinal tubules of sodium hypochlorite with and without surfactants

Hernán Coaguila-Llerena  1 , Isadora Barbieri  1 , Mário Tanomaru-Filho  1 , Renato de Toledo Leonardo  1 , Ana Paula Ramos  2 , Gisele Faria  1
Affiliations

Physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and penetration into dentinal tubules of sodium hypochlorite with and without surfactants

Hernán Coaguila-Llerena et al. Restor Dent Endod. .

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and penetration into dentinal tubules of ChlorCid™ Surf (3% sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] with surfactant) in comparison to ChlorCid™ (3% NaOCl without surfactant).

Materials and methods: The physicochemical properties evaluated were pH, surface tension, free available chlorine (FAC) and contact angle. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in L929 fibroblasts exposed to the solutions by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and neutral red assays. Assessment of penetration into dentinal tubules was performed by staining single-rooted permanent human teeth with crystal violet (n = 9), which were irrigated with the solutions and analyzed in cervical, middle and apical segments. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-test, 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test or t-test (α = 0.05).

Results: ChlorCid™ Surf and ChlorCid™ FAC values were close to those indicated by the manufacturer. ChlorCid™ Surf showed lower surface tension and contact angle on dentin, and higher pH than ChlorCid™ (p < 0.05). The penetration of ChlorCid™ Surf was higher in cervical and middle segments, compared with ChlorCid™ (p < 0.05). There was no difference in irrigant cytotoxicity (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: ChlorCid™ Surf showed lower surface tension, lower contact angle on root canal dentin, higher penetration into dentinal tubules and more alkaline pH, compared with ChlorCid™. However, both solutions showed similar cytotoxicity and FAC content.

Keywords: Dentin permeability; Materials testing; Physicochemical analysis; Sodium hypochlorite; Surface-active agents.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the contact angle evaluation of ChlorCid™ and ChlorCid™ Surf on root canal dentin. First, each tooth hemisection was mounted on PVC rings with acrylic resin. After resin curing, the rings were removed and the specimen was polished to avoid surface irregularities. Thereafter, 5 µL-drops of each solution were placed on the specimens to measure the contact angle using the OCA-20 system.
PVC, poly vinyl chloride.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Mean and standard deviation of (A) surface tension in millinewton/meter (mN/m) and (B) contact angle (Ө) of ChlorCid™, ChlorCid™ Surf and deionized water (control). Different letters in columns indicate a significant difference between solutions. (C) Representative images of the contact angle on the dentin surface.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Viability of L929 fibroblasts after exposure to ChlorCid™ and ChlorCid™ Surf solutions at different doses by (A) MTT and (B) NR assays. No significant differences were founded between the solutions (p > 0.05).
MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; NR, neutral red.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Penetration depth of ChlorCid™ and ChlorCid™ Surf solutions into dentinal tubules. (A) Mean and standard deviation in micrometers (µm) of penetration depth. Different lowercase letters in columns of each segment indicate a significant difference between the solutions. Different capital letters in columns indicate a significant difference between segments of each solution. (B) Representative images of penetration depth of ChlorCid™, ChlorCid™ Surf and water in cervical (B1-B3), middle (B4-B6) and apical (B7-B9) segments, respectively. The bleached crystal violet represents the penetration depth of irrigants into the dentin (arrow) (bar = 500 µm).
De, dentin; RC, root canal.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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