Improving the Capacity of Health System and Community for Sickle Cell Disease Screening and Management Among Tribal Population in India: Protocol of an Intervention Study

Abstract

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the major public health problems in the world. In India, the burden of SCD is comparatively high in socio-economically disadvantaged tribal communities. Though efficacious interventions are available to manage SCD, they are not reaching to these communities and no comprehensive programme is in place in the health care system. Therefore, the Indian Council of Medical Research has initiated a nation-wide study to develop an effective intervention model for SCD patients in tribal areas through the government health care system. This intervention includes increasing awareness and preparing the communities for accessing the government health care system for SCD care, and improving the capacity of the primary health care systems including the training of the health care providers on prevention and management of SCD. The study adopted a quasi-experimental design with pre-vs. post-intervention comparisons of outcome variables within the interventional groups and with the control group. The study will be implemented in 6 districts which are endemic for SCD, spread across different geographical zones of India. In each district, four primary health centre (PHC) areas which are predominantly inhabited by tribal population will be selected. Of these four PHC areas, two will be selected randomly for implementing the intervention and the remaining two will be the control area. Information necessary for development and implementation of the intervention will be gathered during formative research, by using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Intervention with an inclusive partnership and community mobilization will be implemented. The major steps in the implementation of intervention are partnership building with various health and non-health partners including the community. Capacity building and strengthening is another important component to enable the primary health facilities to screen and manage SCD patients. Primarily, sub-health centres and primary healthcare centres will be equipped with appropriate SCD screening techniques. All doctors in the system will be trained in advanced treatment and management issues. To improve the community's awareness and readiness, community mobilization activities will be conducted. An impact evaluation will be carried out at the end of the intervention by comparing the improvement of SCD management in intervention PHCs to that of the control PHCs. However, the process evaluation and necessary mid-term corrections will be made throughout the intervention period. Thus, an intervention model in terms of its suitability, replicability and sustainability for the tribal population will be developed and tested. The findings of this study are more suitable to use during advocacy and to replicate the model by the state health departments. This study develops and places an appropriate referral system for SCD patients at the PHC level. Improving the community's access to health care, improving the quality of care in government health centres and raising awareness among tribal communities are crucial to achieving through innovation. Taken together, these innovations would significantly contribute to better access to health care and management of the SCD patients of underserved tribal population.

Keywords: Sickle cell disease; control; intervention; treatment.