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. 2020;10(5):146-161.
Epub 2020 Oct 29.

Energy imbalance: obesity, associated comorbidities, prevention, management and public health implications

Shazia Jehan  1 , Ferdinand Zizi  1 , Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal  2 , Samy I McFarlane  3 , Girardin Jean-Louis  1 , Alyson K Myers  4
Affiliations

Energy imbalance: obesity, associated comorbidities, prevention, management and public health implications

Shazia Jehan et al. Adv Obes Weight Manag Control. 2020.

Abstract

The prevalence of obesity has been continually increasing, as have its associated comorbidities and health care costs. Effective management of obesity and early intervention measures are necessary to overcome this global issue. The responsibility for preventing and managing this global epidemic does not lie solely on an individual, but also on the entire health care system. Policy makers-nationally and globally-must play their roles to solve the issue. In this review article, we examine methods of controlling and managing obesity through interventions, such as a low caloric diet, physical exercise, pharmacological guidance, and bariatric surgical procedures. While health care professionals should educate patients about all available treatment options for severe obesity, bariatric surgical procedures have increased in popularity and are considered very beneficial with outcomes fruitful in managing severe obesity.

Keywords: bariatric surgery; comorbidities; diet; management; obesity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Prevalence of obesity among adults aged 20 and over, by sex and age: United States, 2015–2016. SOURCE: NCHS, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015–2016.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Trends in obesity prevalence among adults aged 20 and over (age adjusted) and youth aged 2–19 years: United States, 1999–2000 through 2015–2016. Source: NCHS, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2016.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Normal mechanism of action of ghrelin and leptin.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Obesity: leptin resistance and mechanism of action of ghrelin.
Figure 5
Figure 5
BMI< Obesity its classification and stepwise management approach: (WHO: classification; 2000; modified; 2004.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Obesity and its related comorbidities.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Bariatric surgery and its beneficial outcomes: BMI ≥40 or ≥35 severe associated comorbidities.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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