Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Dec 2;6(12):e05576.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05576. eCollection 2020 Dec.

Clinical characteristics influence cultivable-bacteria composition in the meconium of Indonesian neonates

Kristien Juni Thandwi Jonathan  1 , Grasella Ong  1 , Firsty Amanah Prasetyaningsih  1 , Radhian Amandito  2 , Rinawati Rohsiswatmo  2 , Amarila Malik  1
Affiliations

Clinical characteristics influence cultivable-bacteria composition in the meconium of Indonesian neonates

Kristien Juni Thandwi Jonathan et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Background: Microbial colonization of a neonate's gastrointestinal tract has significant perinatal and lifetime health consequences. However, information regarding the profile of meconium microbiota in neonates and the influence of clinical parameters are lacking in the Indonesian population. This study aimed to preliminary investigate the profile of cultivable bacterial diversity of meconium isolated from neonates born at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH), Jakarta. The cultivable bacteria were isolated from meconium samples and were then processed for cultivation and molecular identification.

Results: Fourteen neonates were enrolled as described, i.e., seven hyperbilirubinemia (Hyp) and seven non-Hyp with ten neonates delivered by cesarean section (CS) and four others by vaginal route (VR), and with five exclusive breastfeeding (Ebf), four formula milk, and five combinations. Microbiological identification, molecular 16S rDNA PCR-Sanger sequencing, and PCA analysis of cultivable bacteria isolated from meconium showed Firmicutes' predominance (84.41%), with an abundant population of Staphylococcus, which consist of S. hominis, S. epidermidis, and S. haemolyticus. The influence of mode of delivery showed a lower diversity than the CS populates the VR, but their composition was similar. Concurrently, between feeding patterns, the genera profile did not show much difference; in the non-Ebf group, the total amount of Staphylococcus and Bacillus showed a higher amount but a less diverse. Interestingly, the non-Hyp group showed more abundant and diverse Staphylococcus than that of the Hyp group. In contrast, neonates diagnosed with NEC and proven sepsis showed the same pattern of Staphylococcus domination.

Conclusion: Staphylococcus predominated the composition of cultivable bacteria in neonates meconium. Due to the small sample size, only the hyperbilirubinemia parameter significantly influenced the profile, i.e., Staphylococcus's proportion (p = 0.037).

Keywords: Clinical characteristic; Clinical outcomes; Clinical research; Digestive system; Feeding patterns; Gastrointestinal system; Health sciences; Hyperbilirubinemia; Indonesia; Meconium; Microbiology; Microbiota; Mode of delivery; Neonates; Pediatrics.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The profile of cultivable bacteria composition of neonates' meconium. The most abundant genus is Staphylococcus from phylum Firmicutes, and the three main phyla identified in this study are Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percentage of the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia as the clinical outcome based on the risk factors such as mode of delivery (cesarean section, CS and vaginal route, VR), gestational age (preterm: less than 37 weeks, and term: 37 weeks and above), feeding patterns (exclusive breastfeeding, Ebf [exclusively mother's breast milk] and non-exclusive breastfeeding, non-Ebf [formula milk; both mother's breast milk and formula]), birth weight (low birth weight [≤2500 g] and normal birth weight [>2500 g]), and antibiotic exposure.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of cultivable bacteria composition of neonates' meconium microbiota profile, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (CMH), Jakarta. S1– S14 is the profiles of each subject, which are represented by single point. The analysis was performed at the genus level to understand the clusters between the microbiota profiles of A. the mode of delivery, i.e., vaginal route (V-r) and cesarean section (C-s) groups; B. the feeding patterns, i.e., exclusive breastfeeding (Ebf) and non-exclusive breastfeeding (Non-ebf) groups; C. hyperbilirubinemia (Hyp) and non-hyperbilirubinemia (Non-hyp) groups. The PCs represented the maximum variance of the data. Red circles, A. cesarean section; B. exclusive breastfeeding; C. hyperbilirubinemia; blue triangles, A. Vaginal route; B. non-exclusive breastfeeding; C. non-hyperbilirubinemia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Chu D.M., Ma J., Prince A.L., Antony K.M., Seferovic M.D., Aagaard K.M. Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat. Med. 2017;23(3):314–326. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gosalbes M.J., Llop S., Vallès Y., Moya A., Ballester F., Francino M.P. Meconium microbiota types dominated by lactic acid or enteric bacteria are differentially associated with maternal eczema and respiratory problems in infants. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2013;43(2):198–211. - PubMed
    1. Collado M.C., Rautava S., Aakko J., Isolauri E., Salminen S. Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci. Rep. 2016;6(1):23129. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Martin R., Makino H., Cetinyurek Yavuz A., Ben-Amor K., Roelofs M., Ishikawa E. Early-life events, including mode of delivery and type of feeding, siblings and gender, shape the developing gut microbiota. PloS One. 2016;11(6) - PMC - PubMed
    1. Moles L., Gómez M., Heilig H., Bustos G., Fuentes S., de Vos W. Bacterial diversity in meconium of preterm neonates and evolution of their fecal microbiota during the first month of life. PloS One. 2013;8(6) - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources