Time Course and Magnitude of Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine on the Second Ventilatory Threshold

Abstract

Pre-exercise caffeine ingestion has been shown to increase the workload at ventilatory threshold, suggesting an ergogenic effect of this stimulant on submaximal aerobic exercise. However, the time course of tolerance to the effect of caffeine on ventilatory threshold is unknown. This study aimed to determine the evolution of tolerance to the ergogenic effect of caffeine on the ventilatory threshold.

Methods: Eleven participants (age 32.3 ± 4.9 yrs, height 171 ± 8 cm, body mass 66.6 ± 13.6 kg, VO_2max = 48.0 ± 3.8 mL/kg/min) took part in a longitudinal, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover experimental design. Each participant took part in two identical treatments: in one treatment, participants ingested a capsule containing 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass per day (mg/kg/day) for twenty consecutive days; in the other treatment, participants ingested a capsule filled with a placebo for the same duration and frequency. During these treatments, participants performed a maximal ramp test on a cycle ergometer three times per week and the second ventilatory threshold (VT₂) was assessed by using the ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Results: A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (substance × time) revealed statistically significant main effects of caffeine (p < 0.01) and time (p = 0.04) on the wattage obtained at VT₂, although there was no interaction (p = 0.09). In comparison to the placebo, caffeine increased the workload at VT₂ on days 1, 4, 6 and 15 of ingestion (p < 0.05). The size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine over the placebo on the workload at VT₂ was progressively reduced with the duration of the treatment. In addition, there were main effects of caffeine (p = 0.03) and time (p = 0.16) on VO₂ obtained at VT₂, with no interaction (p = 0.49). Specifically, caffeine increased oxygen uptake at VT₂ on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05), with no other caffeine-placebo differences afterwards. For heart rate obtained at VT₂, there was a main effect of substance (p < 0.01), while the overall effect of time (p = 0.13) and the interaction (p = 0.22) did not reach statistical significance. Heart rate at VT₂ was higher with caffeine than with the placebo on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). The size of the effect of caffeine on VO₂ and heart at VT₂ tended to decline over time.

Conclusion: Pre-exercise intake of 3 mg/kg/day of caffeine for twenty days enhanced the wattage obtained at VT₂ during cycling ramp tests for ~15 days of ingestion, while there was a progressive attenuation of the size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine on this performance variable. Therefore, habituation to caffeine through daily ingestion may reduce the ergogenic effect of this stimulant on aerobic exercise of submaximal intensity.

Keywords: endurance athlete; endurance performance; exercise performance; nutrition; sport performance.

Figure 1

Workload at the second ventilatory threshold (VT₂) during a cycling ramp test with the administration of 3 mg/kg/day of caffeine or a placebo for 20 consecutive days. The upper panel shows effect sizes (±95% confidence intervals) for all timepoint comparisons between caffeine and the placebo. The lower panel depicts data presented as mean ± standard deviation. (*) Caffeine different from placebo for the same timepoint at p < 0.05. (†) Different from day 0 within the same treatment at p < 0.05.

Figure 2

Oxygen uptake (VO₂) at the second ventilatory threshold (VT₂) during a cycling ramp test with the administration of 3 mg/kg/day of caffeine or placebo for 20 consecutive days. The upper panel shows effect sizes (±95% confidence intervals) for all timepoint comparisons between caffeine and a placebo. The lower panel depicts data presented as mean ± standard deviation. (*) Caffeine different from placebo for the same timepoint at p < 0.05. (†) Different from day 0 within the same treatment at p < 0.05.

Figure 3

Heart rate at the second ventilatory threshold (VT₂) during a cycling ramp test with the administration of 3 mg/kg/day of caffeine or a placebo for 20 consecutive days. The upper panel shows effect sizes (±95% confidence intervals) for all timepoint comparisons between caffeine and the placebo. The lower panel depicts data presented as mean ± standard deviation. (*) Caffeine different from placebo for the same timepoint at p < 0.05.