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Review
. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):33-63.
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.034. Epub 2020 Dec 18.

Hallmarks of Health

Carlos López-Otín  1 , Guido Kroemer  2
Affiliations
Free article
Review

Hallmarks of Health

Carlos López-Otín et al. Cell. .
Free article

Erratum in

  • Hallmarks of health.
    López-Otín C, Kroemer G. López-Otín C, et al. Cell. 2021 Apr 1;184(7):1929-1939. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.033. Cell. 2021. PMID: 33798440 No abstract available.

Abstract

Health is usually defined as the absence of pathology. Here, we endeavor to define health as a compendium of organizational and dynamic features that maintain physiology. The biological causes or hallmarks of health include features of spatial compartmentalization (integrity of barriers and containment of local perturbations), maintenance of homeostasis over time (recycling and turnover, integration of circuitries, and rhythmic oscillations), and an array of adequate responses to stress (homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, and repair and regeneration). Disruption of any of these interlocked features is broadly pathogenic, causing an acute or progressive derailment of the system coupled to the loss of numerous stigmata of health.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Interests The authors declare that they do not have any manifest conflict of interest. C.L.-O. has ownership interest including stock and patents in DREAMgenics. G.K. has been holding research contracts with Bayer Healthcare, Daiichi Sankyo, Glaxo Smyth Kline, Genentech, Eleor, Institut Mérieux, Kaleido, Lytix Pharma, PharmaMar, Sotio, and Vasculox/Tioma. G.K. is on the Board of Directors of the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation France. G.K. is a scientific co-founder of everImmune, Samsara Therapeutics, and Therafast Bio. G.K. is the inventor of patents covering therapeutic targeting of aging, cancer, cystic fibrosis, and metabolic disorders. G.K.’s wife, Laurence Zitvogel, has been holding research contracts with Glaxo Smyth Kline, Incyte, Lytix, Kaleido, Innovate Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Merus, Transgene, Tusk, and Roche, is on the Board of Directors of Transgene, a co-founder of everImmune, and holds patents covering the treatment of cancer and the therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota. G.K.’s brother, Romano Kroemer, is an employee of Sanofi.

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