Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Dec 18;25(24):6011.
doi: 10.3390/molecules25246011.

Optimization of Adsorbent Layer Type and Developing Solvent in Coccidiostats Sample Preparation with Procedure of Solvent Front Position Extraction

Maciej Jan Rybicki  1 , Anna Klimek-Turek  1 , Tadeusz Henryk Dzido  1
Affiliations

Optimization of Adsorbent Layer Type and Developing Solvent in Coccidiostats Sample Preparation with Procedure of Solvent Front Position Extraction

Maciej Jan Rybicki et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Coccidiostats are drugs used against coccidiosis, a common disease among breeding animals. Their widespread application leads to the appearance of their residues in food, which is potentially harmful for human health and life. The European Union has established limits of concentrations of these drugs in premixtures and food. Nowadays, there are many methods for monitoring coccidiostats' presence in market products, but their frequent weakness is sample preparation. Solvent Front Position Extraction is a planar chromatography-based sample preparation method that allows for effective assay of samples with coccidiostats when coupled with LC-MS/MS. The purpose of this research was to find common conditions for the effective isolation of eight coccidiostats from biological sample components with both lower and higher retention than the substances of interest. The acquired results were used for effective isolation of monensin and salinomycin from the premixture samples and allowed for their quantitative determination. The application of a semi-automatic device for the development of chromatograms positively impacted the results, confirming the effectiveness of the method for determining coccidiostats in biological samples.

Keywords: Solvent Front Position Extraction; coccidiostats; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; sample preparation; thin-layer chromatography.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Plots of relationships of substance retention vs. composition of the mobile phase (A–F). Stationary phases are described in the headers of the plots, and mobile phases under the x-axes.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Plots of relationships of substance retention vs. composition of the mobile phase (A–F). Stationary phases are described in the headers of the plots, and mobile phases under the x-axes.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Plots of relationships of substance retention vs. composition of the mobile phase (A–F). Stationary phases are described in the headers of the plots, and mobile phases under the x-axes.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Plots of relationships of substance retention vs. composition of the mobile phase (A–F). Stationary phases are described in the headers of the plots, and mobile phases under the x-axes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chromatographic plate with (A) starting spots of the samples before their narrowing, and (B) starting spots of the samples after their narrowing. The dashed lines mark the path of the pipette delivering the eluent, the arrows indicate the directions of the eluent migration. Stationary phase: HPTLC Silica gel. Plates’ images were captured under white light illumination. Samples: extract from premixture with monensin.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The chromatograms of the samples after the first development. The dashed line marks the path of the pipette delivering the eluent, and the arrows indicate the direction of the eluent migration. (1) the low retention matrix components, (2) the zone of the substance of interest (monensin) and the internal standard (nigericin), (3) matrix components of higher retention than the substances of interest. Mobile phase: 1:1 methanol–toluene (v/v). Stationary phase: HPTLC Silica gel. Plates’ images were captured under white light illumination. Samples: extract from premixture with monensin.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The chromatogram after focusing the substances of interest in the solvent front position. The dashed line marks the path of the pipette delivering the eluent, the arrows indicate the directions of the eluent migration. (1) The low retention matrix components, (2) the zone of the substance of interest (monensin) and the internal standard (nigericin), (3) high-retention matrix components. Stationary phase: HPTLC Silica gel. Plate image was captured under white light illumination. Samples: extract from premixture with monensin.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The track of chromatogram after focusing the substance of interest (salinomycin) and the internal standard (nigericin) at the solvent front position. (1) Low-retention matrix components, (2) the zone of substance of interest (salinomycin) and the internal standard (nigericin), (3) high-retention matrix components. Stationary phase: HPTLC Silica gel. Plate image was captured under white light illumination.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Huet A.C., Bienenmann-Ploum M.E., Vincent U., Delahaut P. Screening methods and recent developments in the detection of anticoccidials. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2013;405:7733–7751. doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7035-6. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sharma N., Bhalla A., Varma S., Jain S., Singh S. Toxicity of maduramicin. Emerg. Med. J. 2005;22:880–882. doi: 10.1136/emj.2004.020883. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. . Regulation (EC) No. 1831/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition. Off. J. Eur. Union Bruss. 2003;L268:29–43.
    1. Clarke L., Fodey T.L., Crook S.R.H., Moloney M., O’Mahony J., Delahaut P., O’Kennedy R., Danaher M. A review of coccidiostats and the analysis of their residues in meat and other food. Meat Sci. 2014;97:358–374. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.01.004. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Moloney M., Clarke L., O’Mahony J., Gadaj A., O’Kennedy R., Danaher M. Determination of 20 coccidiostats in egg and avian muscle tissue using ultra high performance liquid chromatography—Tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 2012;1253:94–104. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.001. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources