Origin of the hemagglutinin gene of H3N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China

Abstract

Influenza viruses of the H3N2 subtype similar to Aichi/2/68 and Victoria/3/75 persist in pigs many years after their antigenic counterparts have disappeared from humans (Shortridge et al. (1977). Science 19, 1454-1455). To provide information on the mechanism of conservation of these influenza viruses in pigs, the hemagglutinin (HA) of four isolates from swine derived from Taiwan and Southern China were analyzed antigenically and genetically. The reactivity pattern of these viruses with a panel of monoclonal antibodies indicates that the HAs of these swine viruses were antigenically closely related to duck H3 and early human H3 viruses. Sequence analysis of the H3 genes from three swine viruses revealed that the swine H3 genes are more closely related to the duck genes than to early human H3 virus (A/Aichi/2/68). The degree of sequence homology of these genes is extremely high (more than 96.5%). Furthermore, the deduced amino acid sequence of the three swine HAs at residues 226 to 228 in the proposed receptor-binding site is Gln-Ser-Gly and is common with the majority of avian influenza viruses. These findings indicate that these H3 viruses may have been introduced into pigs from ducks. The HA gene of the fourth swine influenza virus from Southern China was genetically equally related to avian and early human H3 strains although the sequence through the receptor-binding pocket (226-228) was typical of a human H3 virus, suggesting that either this swine HA gene was derived from ducks or an early human H3 virus was introduced into the pig population where the virus accumulated substantial mutations. The present strains revealed genetic heterogeneity of swine H3 influenza viruses in nature.