Genome-wide linkage analysis of families with primary hyperhidrosis

Abstract

Primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFH, OMIM %144110) is a genetically influenced condition characterised by excessive sweating. Prevalence varies between 1.0-6.1% in the general population, dependent on ethnicity. The aetiology of PFH remains unclear but an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypes have been reported. In our study, nine pedigrees (50 affected, 53 non-affected individuals) were included. Clinical characterisation was performed at the German Hyperhidrosis Centre, Munich, by using physiological and psychological questionnaires. Genome-wide parametric linkage analysis with GeneHunter was performed based on the Illumina genome-wide SNP arrays. Haplotypes were constructed using easyLINKAGE and visualised via HaploPainter. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) with 100x coverage in 31 selected members (24 affected, 7 non-affected) from our pedigrees was achieved by next generation sequencing. We identified four genome-wide significant loci, 1q41-1q42.3, 2p14-2p13.3, 2q21.2-2q23.3 and 15q26.3-15q26.3 for PFH. Three pedigrees map to a shared locus at 2q21.2-2q23.3, with a genome-wide significant LOD score of 3.45. The chromosomal region identified here overlaps with a locus at chromosome 2q22.1-2q31.1 reported previously. Three families support 1q41-1q42.3 (LOD = 3.69), two families share a region identical by descent at 2p14-2p13.3 (LOD = 3.15) and another two families at 15q26.3 (LOD = 3.01). Thus, our results point to considerable genetic heterogeneity. WES did not reveal any causative variants, suggesting that variants or mutations located outside the coding regions might be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of PFH. We suggest a strategy based on whole-genome or targeted next generation sequencing to identify causative genes or variants for PFH.

Fig 1. Distribution of affected body areas within families with primary focal hyperhidrosis.

Only individuals with known sites were considered. A: Axillary; B: Back; F: Facial; O: Other; Pa: Palmar; Pl: Plantar.

Fig 2. Candidate loci on chromosome 1.

Coloured bars = loci supported by individual families; figures above and below these loci = physical (bp) position; bp = base pairs; M = mega base pairs; cM = centimorgan; red lines = enlarged overlap area; blue = protein-encoding genes; red = non-protein-encoding elements. All genes and positions in relation to GRCh37.p13 (hg19).

Fig 3. Candidate loci on chromosome 2.

Coloured bars = loci supported by individual families; figures above and below these loci = physical (bp) position; bp = base pairs; M = mega base pairs; cM = centimorgan; red lines = enlarged overlap area; blue = protein-encoding genes; red = non-protein-encoding elements. All genes and positions in relation to GRCh37.p13 (hg19).

Fig 4. Candidate loci on chromosome 15.

Coloured bars = loci supported by individual families; figures above and below these loci = physical (bp) position; bp = base pairs; M = mega base pairs; cM = centimorgan; red lines = enlarged overlap area; blue = protein-encoding genes; red = non-protein-encoding elements. All genes and positions in relation to GRCh37.p13 (hg19).