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. 2020 Dec 28;13(1):81.
doi: 10.3390/polym13010081.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Asparagus Stalk End

Warinporn Klunklin  1 , Kittisak Jantanasakulwong  1   2   3 , Yuthana Phimolsiripol  1   2   3 , Noppol Leksawasdi  1   2   3 , Phisit Seesuriyachan  1   2 , Thanongsak Chaiyaso  1   2 , Chayatip Insomphun  1   2 , Suphat Phongthai  1   2 , Pensak Jantrawut  3   4 , Sarana Rose Sommano  3   5 , Winita Punyodom  3   6 , Alissara Reungsang  7   8   9 , Thi Minh Phuong Ngo  10 , Pornchai Rachtanapun  1   2   3
Affiliations

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Asparagus Stalk End

Warinporn Klunklin et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Cellulose from Asparagus officinalis stalk end was extracted and synthesized to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCas) using monochloroacetic acid (MCA) via carboxymethylation reaction with various sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations starting from 20% to 60%. The cellulose and CMCas were characterized by the physical properties, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, mechanical properties of CMCas films were also investigated. The optimum condition for producing CMCas was found to be 30% of NaOH concentration for the carboxymethylation reaction, which provided the highest percent yield of CMCas at 44.04% with the highest degree of substitution (DS) at 0.98. The melting point of CMCas decreased with increasing NaOH concentrations. Crystallinity of CMCas was significantly deformed (p < 0.05) after synthesis at a high concentration. The L* value of the CMCas was significantly lower at a high NaOH concentration compared to the cellulose. The highest tensile strength (44.59 MPa) was found in CMCas film synthesized with 40% of NaOH concentration and the highest percent elongation at break (24.99%) was obtained in CMCas film treated with 30% of NaOH concentration. The applications of asparagus stalk end are as biomaterials in drug delivery system, tissue engineering, coating, and food packaging.

Keywords: CMC; DS; agricultural waste; asparagus; biopolymer; carboxymethyl cellulose; cellulose extraction; degree of substitution.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percent yield of carboxymethyl cellulose from asparagus stalk end (CMCas).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of NaOH on degree of substitution of CMCas.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FTIR spectra of (a) cellulose, (b) CMCas synthesized with 20% (w/v) NaOH concentration, (c) CMCas synthesized with 30% (w/v) NaOH concentration, (d) CMCas synthesized with 40% (w/v) NaOH concentration, (e) CMCas synthesized with 50% (w/v) NaOH concentration and (f) CMCas synthesized with 60% (w/v) NaOH concentration.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of various NaOH concentrations on viscosity of CMCas.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Thermal property of cellulose from asparagus stalk end and CMCas synthesized with various NaOH concentrations.
Figure 6
Figure 6
X-ray diffractograms of (a) cellulose from asparagus stalk end and CMCas powder: with (b) 20% (w/v) NaOH, (c) 30% (w/v) NaOH, (d) 40% (w/v) NaOH, (e) 50% (w/v) NaOH and (f) 60% (w/v) NaOH.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Scanning electron micrographs of (a) cellulose from asparagus stalk end and cmcas powder: with (b) 20% (w/v) naoh, (c) 30% (w/v) naoh, (d) 40% (w/v) naoh, (e) 50% (w/v) naoh and (f) 60% (w/v) naoh. The acceleration voltage was 15 kv under low with 1500×.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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