Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Jun;68(4):299-308.
doi: 10.1111/zph.12797. Epub 2020 Dec 31.

History of indigenous Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans, animals and triatomines in California, USA

Kyndall C Dye-Braumuller  1 , Mary K Lynn  1 , Melissa S Nolan  1
Affiliations
Review

History of indigenous Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans, animals and triatomines in California, USA

Kyndall C Dye-Braumuller et al. Zoonoses Public Health. 2021 Jun.

Abstract

This historical review highlights previously undescribed potential foci for sylvatic and domestic locally acquired Chagas disease in California. The review starts in the 1910s, when Trypanosoma cruzi was first discovered through scientific triatomine investigations. Next, the natural transition around the mid-1900s into clinical investigations of the domestic and peridomestic environments and their epidemiologic profiles is detailed. The review closes with the shift to applied genetic, diagnostic and scientific applications surrounding Chagas disease infected individuals in the state. Throughout the course of the review, transmission foci and their unique clinical and epidemiologic characteristics are described. This in-depth review has merit for clinicians, veterinarians and public health officials working with vector-borne diseases in the southwestern USA.

Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi; California; Chagas disease; autochthonous; indigenous; transmission.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

REFERENCES

    1. Barnabe, C., Brisse, S., & Tibayrenc, M. (2003). Phylogenetic diversity of bat trypanosomes of subgenus Schizotrypanum based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and cytochrome b nucleotide sequence analyses. Infection, Genetics and Evolution: Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases, 2(3), 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1567-1348(02)00130-2
    1. Beard, C. B., Pye, G., Steurer, F. J., Rodriguez, R., Campman, R., Peterson, A. T., Ramsey, J., Wirtz, R. A., & Robinson, L. E. (2003). Chagas disease in a domestic transmission cycle in southern Texas, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0901.020217
    1. Beatty, N. L., & Klotz, S. A. (2020). Autochthonous chagas disease in the United States: How are people getting infected? The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(3), 967-969. tpmd190733.
    1. Beatty, N. L., Perez-Velez, C. M., Yaglom, H. D., Carson, S., Liu, E., Khalpey, Z. I., Klotz, S. A., & Elliott, S. P. (2018). Evidence of likely autochthonous transmission of Chagas disease in Arizona. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 99(6), 1534-1536. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0485
    1. Behrens-Bradley, N., Smith, S., Beatty, N. L., Love, M., Ahmad, N., Dorn, P. L., Schmidt, J. O., & Klotz, S. A. (2020). Kissing bugs harboring Trypanosoma cruzi, frequently bite residents of the US Southwest but do not cause Chagas disease. The American Journal of Medicine, 133(1), 108-114.e113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.06.016

LinkOut - more resources