Emerging Genetic Tools to Investigate Molecular Pathways Related to Heat Stress in Chickens: A Review

Abstract

Chicken products are the most consumed animal-sourced foods at a global level across greatly diverse cultures, traditions, and religions. The consumption of chicken meat has increased rapidly in the past few decades and chicken meat is the main animal protein source in developing countries. Heat stress is one of the environmental factors which decreases the productive performance of poultry and meat quality. Heat stress produces the over-expression of heat shock factors and heat shock proteins in chicken tissues. Heat shock proteins regulate several molecular pathways in cells in response to stress conditions, changing the homeostasis of cells and tissues. These changes can affect the physiology of the tissue and hence the production ability of chickens. Indeed, commercial chicken strains can reach a high production level, but their body metabolism, being comparatively accelerated, has poor thermoregulation. In contrast, native backyard chickens are more adapted to the environments in which they live, with a robustness that allows them to survive and reproduce constantly. In the past few years, new molecular tools have been developed, such as RNA-Seq, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), and bioinformatics approaches such as Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). Based on these genetic tools, many studies have detected the main pathways involved in cellular response mechanisms. In this context, it is necessary to clarify all the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in heat stress response. Hence, this paper aims to review the ability of the new generation of genetic tools to clarify the molecular pathways associated with heat stress in chickens, offering new perspectives for the use of these findings in the animal breeding field.

Keywords: biodiversity; climate change; heat shock protein; poultry.

Figure 1

Temperature change (°C) in 2019 compared with the year 1919. Note: grey areas signify missing data (source: figure taken from https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/ and adapted for illustrative purpose only).

Figure 2

These figures represent the global distribution of chicken in 2010 in intensive (a) and extensive (b) systems (source: figure taken from https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId = doi:10.7910/DVN/A7GQXG and adapted for illustrative purpose only).

Figure 3

Schematic mechanism of heat shock protein (HSP) in cellular response against heat stress (HS). HSF = Heat-Shock Factor; HSE = Heat-Shock Element; DP = Denatured Protein; P = Phosphate.