. 2021 Jan 1;27(1):1.

doi: 10.1186/s40885-020-00159-7.

Passive smoking exposure and the risk of hypertension among non-smoking adults: the 2015-2016 NHANES data

Onoja Matthew Akpa^{1

2

3}, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle^{4

5

6

7}, Jeffery Osahon Asowata⁸, Babatunde Adedokun⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 900001 UI Post Office, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria. onojamatthew@yahoo.co.uk.
² Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria. onojamatthew@yahoo.co.uk.
³ Preventive Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria. onojamatthew@yahoo.co.uk.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 900001 UI Post Office, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria. akinokekunle@gmail.com.
⁵ The Postgraduate College, University of Ibadan, PMB 900001, Ibadan, Nigeria. akinokekunle@gmail.com.
⁶ Nutritional Epidemiology Lab, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, IL, 08826, Korea. akinokekunle@gmail.com.
⁷ Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, IL, 08826, Korea. akinokekunle@gmail.com.
⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 900001 UI Post Office, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria.
⁹ Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.

PMID: 33384019
PMCID: PMC7775627
DOI: 10.1186/s40885-020-00159-7

Passive smoking exposure and the risk of hypertension among non-smoking adults: the 2015-2016 NHANES data

Onoja Matthew Akpa et al. Clin Hypertens. 2021.

. 2021 Jan 1;27(1):1.

doi: 10.1186/s40885-020-00159-7.

Authors

Onoja Matthew Akpa^{1

2

3}, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle^{4

5

6

7}, Jeffery Osahon Asowata⁸, Babatunde Adedokun⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 900001 UI Post Office, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria. onojamatthew@yahoo.co.uk.
² Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria. onojamatthew@yahoo.co.uk.
³ Preventive Cardiology Research Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria. onojamatthew@yahoo.co.uk.
⁴ Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 900001 UI Post Office, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria. akinokekunle@gmail.com.
⁵ The Postgraduate College, University of Ibadan, PMB 900001, Ibadan, Nigeria. akinokekunle@gmail.com.
⁶ Nutritional Epidemiology Lab, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, IL, 08826, Korea. akinokekunle@gmail.com.
⁷ Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, IL, 08826, Korea. akinokekunle@gmail.com.
⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, PMB 900001 UI Post Office, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria.
⁹ Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.

PMID: 33384019
PMCID: PMC7775627
DOI: 10.1186/s40885-020-00159-7

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a major public health problem and a prominent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, whether passive smoking exposure (PSE) is associated with the risk of hypertension is scarcely understood. This study assessed the association between PSE and the risk of hypertension among adults (≥18 years) in the United States of America.

Methods: Three thousand and sixty-seven adults were identified from the 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the association between PSE and hypertension (adjusting for relevant confounders) was examined using multivariable adjusted-logistic regression analysis at P < 0.05.

Results: Mean age of respondents was 46.5 ± 17.9 years. Overall, 23.7% of respondents reported PSE and 32.6% were hypertensives (of which only 14.3% were aware of their hypertensive state) Also, adjusted odds of hypertension for participants with PSE was 1.038 (1.037, 1.040), P < 0.0001, in the overall population. Also, PSE aggravated odds of hypertension among young adults - < 60 years (aOR: 1.095, 95CI%: 1.094 to 1.097), P < 0.0001, and old adults - ≥60 years (aOR: 1.110, 95% CI: 1.108 to 1.113), P < 0.0001. Similarly, PSE was associated with increased odds of hypertension among women (aOR: 1.240, 95% CI: 1.238 to 1.242), P < 0.0001 but not among men (aOR: 0.755, 95% CI: 0.754 to 0.757), P < 0.0001.

Conclusions: PSE was independently associated with the risk of hypertension particularly among women, young and old adults. A multi-ethnic longitudinal cohort may help ascertain causality and provide more evidence for appropriate interventions.

Keywords: Hypertension; NHANES; Passive smoke exposure.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare they have no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Prevalence of PSE stratified by age (a), and sex (b), prevalence of hypertension stratified by age (c) and sex (d) and prevalence of hypertension stratified by PSE (no/yes) in the overall population and by age stratification (e) in the 2015–2016 NHANNES Data

**Fig. 2**
Multivariable-adjusted OR and 95%CI of the dose-response relationship between PSE and hypertension in the combined population, among women and men

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Passive smoking exposure and the risk of hypertension among non-smoking adults: the 2015-2016 NHANES data

Affiliations

Passive smoking exposure and the risk of hypertension among non-smoking adults: the 2015-2016 NHANES data

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