Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 Dec 15:11:548559.
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.548559. eCollection 2020.

The Co-existence of ADHD With Autism in Saudi Children: An Analysis Using Next-Generation DNA Sequencing

Neda M Bogari  1 , Faisal A Al-Allaf  1 , Ashwag Aljohani  1 , Mohiuddin M Taher  1   2 , Nermeen A Qutub  3 , Suhair Alhelfawi  3   4 , Amal Alobaidi  5 , Derar M Alqudah  3 , Hussain Banni  1 , Ghida Dairi  6   7 , Amr A Amin  8   9
Affiliations

The Co-existence of ADHD With Autism in Saudi Children: An Analysis Using Next-Generation DNA Sequencing

Neda M Bogari et al. Front Genet. .

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. Several studies have confirmed the co-existence of other neuropsychiatric disorders with ADHD. Out of 106 individuals suspected to have ADHD, eight Saudi Arabian pediatric patients were diagnosed with ADHD using a dual assessment procedure based on highly significant scores from the international criteria for diagnosis; (full form DMS) DSM-5. Then, these patients were examined for the co-existence of autism and ADHD using different international diagnostic protocols. Four patients with combined ADHD and autism and four ADHD patients without autism were examined for the presence of genetic variants. Six variants (chr1:98165091, chr6:32029183, chr6:32035603, chr6:32064098, chr8:2909992, chr16:84213434) were identified in 75% of the patients with ADHD and autism, indicating that these genes may have a possible role in causing autism. Five variants (The chr2:116525960, chr15:68624396, chr15:91452595, chr15:92647645, and chr16:82673047) may increase to the severity of ADHD. This study recommends screening these eleven variants in ADHD cases and their relevant controls to confirm the prevalence in the Saudi population. It is recommended that future studies examine the 11 variants in detail.

Keywords: ADHD (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder); GWAS; SNP; autism (ASD); learning disorders.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

AmA was employed by the company N.Sight Brain Training and Consultation Center which is classified as the first company of its kind in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that specializes in developing cognitive skills based on customized one-on-one brain training program. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

    1. Alnemary F. M., Aldhalaan H. M., Simon-Cereijido G., Alnemary F. M. (2017). Services for children with autism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Autism 21 592–602. 10.1177/1362361316664868 - DOI - PubMed
    1. American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Committee on Quality Improvement (2001). Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 108:1033. 10.1542/peds.108.4.1033 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Arias-Vasquez A., Altink M. E., Rommelse N. N., Slaats-Willemse D. I., Buschgens C. J., Fliers E. A., et al. (2011). CDH13 is associated with working memory performance in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Genes Brain Behav. 10 844–851. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2011.00724.x - DOI - PubMed
    1. Athanasiu L., Giddaluru S., Fernandes C., Christoforou A., Reinvang I., Lundervold A. J., et al. (2017). A genetic association study of CSMD1 and CSMD2 with cognitive function. Brain Behav. Immun. 61 209–216. 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.026 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bhore N., Wang B. J., Chen Y. W., Liao Y. F. (2017). Critical roles of dual-specificity phosphatases in neuronal proteostasis and neurological diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18:1963. 10.3390/ijms18091963 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources