Ozone potential to fight against SAR-COV-2 pandemic: facts and research needs

Abstract

The greatest challenge the world is facing today is to win the battle against COVID-19 pandemic as soon as possible. Until a vaccine is available, personal protection, social distancing, and disinfection are the main tools against SARS-CoV-2. Although it is quite infectious, the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself is an enveloped virus that is relatively fragile because its protective fatty layer is sensitive to heat, ultraviolet radiation, and certain chemicals. However, heat and liquid treatments can damage some materials, and ultraviolet light is not efficient in shaded areas, so other disinfection alternatives are required to allow safe re-utilization of materials and spaces. As of this writing, evidences are still accumulating for the use of ozone gas as a disinfectant for sanitary materials and ambient disinfection in indoor areas. This paper reviews the most relevant results of virus disinfection by the application of gaseous ozone. The review covers disinfection treatments of both air and surfaces carried out in different volumes, which varies from small boxes and controlled chambers to larger rooms, as a base to develop future ozone protocols against COVID-19. Published papers have been critically analyzed to evaluate trends in the required ozone dosages, as a function of relative humidity (RH), contact time, and viral strains. The data have been classified depending on the disinfection objective and the volume and type of the experimental set-up. Based on these data, conservative dosages and times to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 are estimated. In small chambers, 10-20 mg ozone/m³ over 10 to 50 min can be sufficient to significantly reduce the virus load of personal protection equipment. In large rooms, 30 to 50 mg ozone/m³ would be required for treatments of 20-30 min. Maximum antiviral activity of ozone is achieved at high humidity, while the same ozone concentrations under low RH could result inefficient. At these ozone levels, safety protocols must be strictly followed. These data can be used for reducing significantly the viral load although for assuring a safe disinfection, the effective dosages under different conditions need to be confirmed with experimental data.

Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disinfections; Heat & liquid sensitive materials; Ozone gas; SARS-CoV-2.

Fig. 1

Ozone concentrations and contact times required for 99% viral inactivation in low-volume spaces. Virus of Group IV is underlined and marked in red

Fig. 2

Ozone concentrations and contact time in different viral inactivation experiments of indoor air of wide spaces. RH = 40% → viral inactivation of: 95–99; RH ≥ 90% → 99.99% to 8-log reduction. Virus of Group IV is underlined and marked in red

Fig. 3

Ozone concentrations and contact time in different viral reduction experiments of surfaces in low-volume spaces. Viruses of Group IV are underlined and marked in red

Fig. 4

Ozone concentrations and contact time in viral inactivation experiments on surfaces in wide spaces. Group IV viruses are underlined and marked in red