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. 2020 Dec 17:11:606178.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.606178. eCollection 2020.

Potato Cyst Nematodes: Geographical Distribution, Phylogenetic Relationships and Integrated Pest Management Outcomes in Portugal

Maria João Camacho  1   2 , Eugénia de Andrade  1 , Manuel Mota  3 , Filomena Nobrega  1 , Claudia Vicente  1   2 , Leidy Rusinque  1 , Maria Lurdes Inácio  1   4
Affiliations

Potato Cyst Nematodes: Geographical Distribution, Phylogenetic Relationships and Integrated Pest Management Outcomes in Portugal

Maria João Camacho et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

The identification and phylogenetic relationships of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) were studied to assess the potential value of geographical distribution information for integrated pest management of potato production in Portugal. This research focused on PCN species, Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis. From 2013 until 2019, 748 soil samples from the rhizosphere of different potato cultivars were surveyed in the Portuguese mainland to detect and identify both species and track their location. PCN are widespread invasive species throughout Portugal. In fact, during the survey period an incidence of 22.5% was estimated for the tested samples. The patterns of infestation vary among regions, increasing from south to north, where PCN were first detected. Currently, both species are present in all potato producing regions of the country, with a greater incidence of G. pallida. Phytosanitary control measures are influencing to the observed results. The use of potato cultivars resistant to G. rostochiensis led to a decrease of this species but had no influence on G. pallida detections, which continues its reproduction freely since there are no effective resistant cultivars for this species. The relationship between the presence, infestation rate, spread and geographical distribution of PCN is discussed in terms of behavioral responses of the potato cultivars and the implications for developing new integrated crop protection measures.

Keywords: Globodera pallida; Globodera rostochiensis; Heteroderidae; Solanum tuberosum; disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Potato production areas (ha) in Portugal by county (data from INE, 2011).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Counties with positive detections of Globodera rostochiensis in Portugal between 2013 and 2019.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Counties with positive detections of Globodera pallida in Portugal between 2013 and 2019.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Phylogenetic relationships of 36 Globodera sp. isolates collected from Portugal based on the sequence alignment of the ITS-rDNA loci. The condensed phylogenetic tree was generated using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the HKY + G model with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Bootstrap values are indicated at the nodes (bootstrap higher than 70%). The analysis involved a total of 45 nucleotide sequences. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. Globodera tabacum, G. hypolysi, and G. artemisiae were used as outgroup.
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