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. 2021 Jan 4;22(1):7.
doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03905-y.

Surgical outcomes of the thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum: a retrospective analysis of 61 cases

Tsuyoshi Yamada  1   2 , Shigeo Shindo  3 , Toshitaka Yoshii  4 , Shuta Ushio  3 , Kazuo Kusano  3 , Norihiko Miyake  3 , Yoshiyasu Arai  5 , Kazuyuki Otani  3 , Atsushi Okawa  4 , Osamu Nakai  3   4
Affiliations

Surgical outcomes of the thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum: a retrospective analysis of 61 cases

Tsuyoshi Yamada et al. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. .

Abstract

Background: Thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum (T-OLF), as one of the causes of thoracic myelopathy, is often combined with other spinal disorders. Concurrent lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LCS) is often obscured by symptoms due to T-OLF, leading to difficulty in identifying the origin of these neurological findings. It is common to be misdiagnosed or delayed diagnosis due to the complicated nature. We evaluated the prevalence, distribution, and clinical characteristics of OLF, especially in patients with LCS.

Methods: The authors performed a retrospective analysis of the outcomes of 61 patients who underwent thoracic surgeries performed for symptomatic T-OLF. In all the patients, whole spine lesions were evaluated preoperatively. We examined the factors related to poor outcomes (the recovery rate of the Japanese Orthopedic Association score for thoracic myelopathy is less than 40%) following OLF surgeries. We compared the clinical outcomes according to whether there was concurrent LCS, and determined the optimal surgical approach.

Results: The occurrence of T-OLF increased with age. Forty-six cases (75.4%) were considered to be tandem T-OLF and LCS (LCS group). An advanced age, and concurrent LCS were associated with a poor outcome after the surgery. The LCS group significantly included a greater number of elderly, and more light-weighted patients with Modic change in thoracic spine and a greater sagittal vertical axis, resulting in the lower neurological recovery. Additional lumbar surgery (13cases) effectively improved both the T-JOA and L-JOA scores (from 6.5 ± 2.0 points to 8.0 ± 1.8 points, p = 0.0406, and from 14.5 ± 4.7 points to 20.7 ± 2.6 points, p = 0.001, respectively) in OLF patients with LCS.

Conclusions: T-OLF was highly associated with other spinal disorders. Poor outcomes in T-OLF surgery could be associated with age and concurrent LCS, and an additional surgery for another lumbar lesion significantly improved neurological findings in T-OLF patients.

Keywords: Lumbar spinal canal stenosis; Ossification of the ligamentum flavum; Spine surgery; Tandem spinal stenosis; Thoracic myelopathy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Type of the thoracic OLF configuration. The thoracic OLF was classified into 3 subgroups, unilateral (a), bilateral (b), and bridged (c) types on axial CT scan, and into 2 subgroups, round (d), and beak (e) types on T2-weighted sagittal MRI. Intramedullary high-intensity areas were shown in both (d) and (e)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The number of observable thoracic OLF and LCS cases by age group
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Distribution of OLF in the thoracolumbar region of 61 patients
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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