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. 2021 Apr;299(1):E204-E213.
doi: 10.1148/radiol.2021203957. Epub 2021 Jan 5.

The RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database (RICORD)

Emily B Tsai #  1 , Scott Simpson #  1 , Matthew P Lungren  1 , Michelle Hershman  1 , Leonid Roshkovan  1 , Errol Colak  1 , Bradley J Erickson  1 , George Shih  1 , Anouk Stein  1 , Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer  1 , Jody Shen  1 , Mona Hafez  1 , Susan John  1 , Prabhakar Rajiah  1 , Brian P Pogatchnik  1 , John Mongan  1 , Emre Altinmakas  1 , Erik R Ranschaert  1 , Felipe C Kitamura  1 , Laurens Topff  1 , Linda Moy  1 , Jeffrey P Kanne  1 , Carol C Wu  1
Affiliations

The RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database (RICORD)

Emily B Tsai et al. Radiology. 2021 Apr.

Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health care emergency. Although reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction testing is the reference standard method to identify patients with COVID-19 infection, chest radiography and CT play a vital role in the detection and management of these patients. Prediction models for COVID-19 imaging are rapidly being developed to support medical decision making. However, inadequate availability of a diverse annotated data set has limited the performance and generalizability of existing models. To address this unmet need, the RSNA and Society of Thoracic Radiology collaborated to develop the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database (RICORD). This database is the first multi-institutional, multinational, expert-annotated COVID-19 imaging data set. It is made freely available to the machine learning community as a research and educational resource for COVID-19 chest imaging. Pixel-level volumetric segmentation with clinical annotations was performed by thoracic radiology subspecialists for all COVID-19-positive thoracic CT scans. The labeling schema was coordinated with other international consensus panels and COVID-19 data annotation efforts, the European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics, the American College of Radiology, and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Study-level COVID-19 classification labels for chest radiographs were annotated by three radiologists, with majority vote adjudication by board-certified radiologists. RICORD consists of 240 thoracic CT scans and 1000 chest radiographs contributed from four international sites. It is anticipated that RICORD will ideally lead to prediction models that can demonstrate sustained performance across populations and health care systems.

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Figures

Stepwise pathway for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) imaging data contribution. CTP = clinical trials processor, RICORD = RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database.
Figure 1:
Stepwise pathway for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) imaging data contribution. CTP = clinical trials processor, RICORD = RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database.
Pathway for the annotation and curation for the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, DICOM = Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, TCIA = The Cancer Imaging Archive.
Figure 2:
Pathway for the annotation and curation for the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, DICOM = Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, TCIA = The Cancer Imaging Archive.
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Figure 3a:
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Figure 3b:
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Figure 3c:
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Figure 3d:
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Figure 3e:
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Figure 3f:
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Figure 3g:
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Figure 3h:
Example of CT scans and chest radiographs in the RSNA International COVID-19 Open Radiology Database. (a) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of characteristic bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities in predominantly peripheral distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having typical appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. (b) Annotated axial CT image shows segmentation of bilateral multifocal ground-glass opacities with diffuse distribution (orange regions of interest). The CT image was classified as having indeterminate appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia. (c) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving four lung zones, annotated as typical for COVID-19 with moderate severity. (d) Thoracic CT image shows bilateral nodular and patchy opacities with peripheral and lower lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as typical appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (e) Bedside chest radiograph with bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (f) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacities (arrows) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement. (g) Bedside chest radiograph shows bilateral patchy and nodular opacities (arrows) with upper lung predominance involving more than four lung zones, annotated as indeterminate appearance for COVID-19 and severe lung involvement. (h) Bedside chest radiograph shows left lower lobe opacity (arrow) with small left pleural effusion involving a single lung zone, annotated as atypical appearance for COVID-19 and mild lung involvement.
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Figure 4a:
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Figure 4b:
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Figure 4c:
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Figure 4d:
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Figure 4e:
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Figure 4f:
Examples of image-level annotations on axial CT images indicated with orange regions of interest. (a) Infectious opacity segmented in the left upper lobe. (b) Infectious tree-in-bud and/or micronodules segmented in the right lower lobe. (c) Infectious cavity segmented in the right upper lobe. (d) Noninfectious nodule or mass segmented in the posterior left pleura. (e) Atelectasis segmented in the left lower lobe. (f) Other noninfectious opacity segmented in the right lower lobe.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5a:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5b:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5c:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5d:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5e:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5f:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5g:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5h:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5i:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5j:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5k:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5l:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
Figure 5m:
Examples of examination-level annotations on axial CT images. (a) Ground-glass opacities surrounding a nodular opacity (arrow) in the left lower lobe (halo sign). (b) Bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows) with central clearing (reversed halo sign). (c) Reticular pattern without parenchymal opacity in the left upper lobe (arrows). (d) Perilesional vessel enlargement associated with bilateral ground-glass opacities (arrows). (e) Bronchial wall thickening most evident in the right lung (arrows). (f) Bronchiectasis in the left upper lobe (arrows). (g) Bilateral subpleural curvilinear lines (arrows). (h) Small bilateral pleural effusions (arrows). (i) Right pleural thickening (arrows). (j) Right pneumothorax (arrows). (k) Pericardial effusion (arrow). (l) Mediastinal lymphadenopathy (arrows) in the prevascular and bilateral lower paratracheal stations. (m) Pulmonary emboli (arrows) in the right lower and middle lobar pulmonary arteries.
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