Facile synthesis of N-doped carbon dots for direct/indirect detection of heavy metal ions and cell imaging

Abstract

In this study, an approach for the facile, rapid, energy-saving, and sensitive determination of Fe³⁺ and Cr(VI) was developed. L-arginine/D-glucose carbon quantum dots (Arg/Glu-CQDs), with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 21%, were synthesized from L-arginine and D-glucose through a facile, hydrothermal process. The maximum emission wavelength of Arg/Glu-CQDs was observed at 450 nm, under an excitation wavelength of 365 nm. In addition, Arg/Glu-CQDs exhibited a sensitive and selective response to Fe³⁺ compared to Fe²⁺ and other metal ions. The Arg/Glu-CQDs' fluorescence was noticeably quenched through the inner filter effect (IFE) when Arg/Glu-CQDs were mixed with Fe³⁺. Accordingly, the Arg/Glu-CQDs/Fe²⁺ system could selectively detect Cr(VI); Cr(VI) could oxidize Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ and quench the fluorescence. The fluorescence sensor system (i.e., the Arg/Glu-CQDs/Fe²⁺ system) showed high sensitivity and excellent selectivity for the detection of Fe³⁺ and Cr(VI) in river water samples. Satisfactory detection efficiencies ranging from 97.07 to 103.46% were obtained. The cytotoxicity of Arg/Glu-CQDs was evaluated through an MTT assay using A549 cells as the target, to extend the application of Arg/Glu-CQDs to biological systems; the MTT assay indicated that the Arg/Glu-CQDs is non-cytotoxicity. Arg/Glu-CQDs were also successfully imaged in A549 cells indicating further application possibilities in bioimaging. Graphical abstract.

Keywords: Carbon dots; Cellular imaging; Cellular toxicity; Cr(VI); Facile synthesis; Fe3+.