Association between negative symptom domains and happiness in schizophrenia

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to examine the association between levels of self-reported happiness and different domains and subdomains of negative symptoms (NS), as well as symptomatic remission in schizophrenia.

Methods: 274 individuals with schizophrenia were assessed on the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS). Multiple linear regressions were used to examine the association between levels of happiness and increasingly specific CAINS NS domains and subdomains, as well as symptomatic remission.

Results: 177 (64.6%) participants rated themselves as happy. NS, specifically motivation and pleasure related to social activities (MAP Social) (B=-0.402, t=-4.805, p<0.001), and depressive symptoms (B=-0.760, t=-7.102, p<0.001) were significantly associated with levels of happiness. Individuals in symptomatic remission rated themselves happier than those who were not in remission (mean composite SHS: 5.10 [SD=1.18] versus 4.61 [SD=1.16], p=0.002).

Conclusions: In this largest study on happiness in schizophrenia, we found that the MAP domain of NS, MAP social subdomain and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with levels of happiness. Additionally, individuals in symptomatic remission rated themselves happier than those who were not in remission. Symptom management remains important in the holistic care plan for individuals with schizophrenia.

Keywords: Depressive symptoms; Happiness; Motivation and pleasure; Negative symptoms; Schizophrenia; Symptomatic remission.