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. 2021 Mar 1:282:141-146.
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.178. Epub 2020 Dec 30.

Is anxiety/depression increasing among 5-25 year-olds? A cross-sectional prevalence study in Ontario, Canada, 1997-2017

Susan P Phillips  1 , Janelle Yu  2
Affiliations

Is anxiety/depression increasing among 5-25 year-olds? A cross-sectional prevalence study in Ontario, Canada, 1997-2017

Susan P Phillips et al. J Affect Disord. .

Abstract

Background: Self-reported data and media suggest youth mental health is declining. To more objectively measure this, we conducted a population-wide investigation of changes in diagnosed point prevalences of anxiety/depression among children and young adults between 1997 and 2017 in Ontario, Canada.

Methods: All Ontarians (population approximately 14 million) age 5-25 in each index year were included and grouped as follows: 5-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25. As the Canadian medical system is public and universal, all diagnoses can be tracked via billing submissions. The outcome of interest was non-psychotic anxiety/depression diagnosed by any physician in any setting. Using regression analyses, cross-sectional administrative (billing) data for 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 for diagnoses of anxiety/depression were linked to indicators of sex, household income, rurality, and immigrant/refugee status.

Outcomes: Point prevalence of anxiety/depression diagnoses increased with age (girls 2·1 to 16·9%, boys 2·9 to 10·6%), particularly from age 11 to 20. Rates, overall, remained stable until 2012 then rose among 11-15 and 16-20 year-olds. This pattern varied by sex. An earlier inverse association with rural residency disappeared by 2017, while immigrant status aligned increasingly with absence of diagnosed anxiety/depression. Lowest household income quintile was associated with higher prevalence of diagnoses.

Limitations: Cross-sectional data preclude hypothesising about causes of observed shifts.

Conclusion: We found no overall upsurge in youth anxiety/depression, although small increments between 2012 and 2017, and variability with sociodemographic characteristics suggest a possible looming trend and the merit of studying concomitant and potential explanatory shifts in social circumstances.

Keywords: Adolescence; Anxiety; Canada; Depression; Immigrant status; Income; Mental health; Rurality; Social media use.

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