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. 2020 Dec 20;17(24):9543.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249543.

Human Health Risk Assessment by Dietary Intake and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Dechloran Plus from Selected Cities of Pakistan

Adeel Mahmood  1   2 , Jabir Hussain Syed  3 , Waseem Raza  4 , Amtul Bari Tabinda  5 , Andleeb Mehmood  4 , Jun Li  2 , Gan Zhang  2 , Mudassar Azam  6
Affiliations

Human Health Risk Assessment by Dietary Intake and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Dechloran Plus from Selected Cities of Pakistan

Adeel Mahmood et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

A class of intractable bio accumulative halogenated compounds polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was studied. Specifically, PBDEs and dechloran plus (DP) contamination in wheat and the assaulted environment-agricultural soil and dust-from metropolitan cities of Pakistan was the focus. The exposure of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to humans, their probable toxicological impact on health, source apportionment, and the spatial tendency of BFRs were studied. Chromatographic analysis was performed, and concentrations (ng g-1) of ΣPBDE and ΣDP in soil, dust, and cereal crops were estimated in a range from 0.63 to 31.70 n.d. to 6.32 and n.d. to 3.47, respectively, and 0.11 to 7.05, n.d. to 4.56 and 0.05 to 4.95, respectively. Data analysis of source apportionment reflected that the existence of solid and e-waste sites, long-range transport, urban and industrial fraction can be the potential source of PBDE and DP pollution. Moreover, potential hazardous risks to human health across the study area via the dietary intake of cereal foods were deemed trifling, and were gauged on the basis of existing toxicological data.

Keywords: PBDEs and DPs; cereal crops; dietary intake; ecological risks; human health hazards.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of study area showing Grand Trunk (GT) Road covered in this study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Transfer-factor (TF) values of soil (red) and dust (blue) into wheat for bioaccumulation of target compounds (from BDE28 to f anti).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Spatial distribution pattern of PBDEs and DP along each site of the study area for (a) soil, (b) dust, and (c) wheat.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Calculated estimated daily intake (EDI) in ng kg−1 day−1 for wheat.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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