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. 2020 Dec 20;17(24):9553.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249553.

Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China

Yu Liu  1 , Xurui Li  1 , Wan Wang  2 , Baohui Yin  2 , Yuanguan Gao  2 , Xiaoyang Yang  2
Affiliations

Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China

Yu Liu et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution sources in local atmospheric PM2.5, a field campaign was conducted from 6-26 April 2011 in Lijiang, China. Twenty-four-hour PM10 and PM2.5 filter samples were collected, and inorganic ions, elements, and carbonaceous components (including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)) were measured. The monthly mean mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) were 40.4 and 14.4 μg/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were 6.2 and 1.6 μg/m3, respectively. The weekly mean concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs were 11.9 ng/m3 and 289 pg/m3, respectively, in atmospheric PM10 of Lijiang. The diagnostic ratios of PAH and NPAH isomers were used to analyze the sources of PAHs and NPAHs in PM10. The ratios of Benz(a)anthracene/(Chrysene+Benz(a)anthracen), Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene+Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene+Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.61 ± 0.01, and 0.53 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating the contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning. The 1-nitropyrene/Pyrene (1-NP/Pyr) ratio was 0.004 ± 0.001, suggesting that the contribution to NPAHs mainly came from coal combustion. Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with monthly mean levels of 2.28 and 1.39 μg/m3 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean mass ratios of NO3-/SO42- were 0.40 and 0.23 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, indicating that the contribution of atmospheric anions from coal combustion sources was much more important than that from other sources. Based on the relatively high SO42- concentrations and low NO3-/SO42- ratios, combined with the data analysis of isomer ratios of PAHs and NPAHs, we can conclude that coal combustion, traffic, and dust were the major contributors to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city, while biomass burning may also have contributed to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city to some degree.

Keywords: PAHs and NPAHs; PM10 and PM2.5; biomass burning; chemical components; long range transport.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of in-terest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of sampling site.
Figure 2
Figure 2
PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentration and size fraction.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Monthly mean concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) and OC/EC ratio in PM10 and PM2.5.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mass concentrations of cation and anion in PM10 and PM2.5.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Major ionic concentrations in PM2.5 in different rural sites.
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