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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Jan 8;26(1):5.
doi: 10.1186/s12199-020-00924-y.

National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Alireza Jafari  1 , Abdolhalim Rajabi  2 , Mahdi Gholian-Aval  3 , Nooshin Peyman  3 , Mehrsadat Mahdizadeh  3 , Hadi Tehrani  4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Alireza Jafari et al. Environ Health Prev Med. .

Abstract

Background: This systematic and meta-analysis review aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women, in geographic areas worldwide, and demonstrate a trend of the prevalence of smoking over time by using a cumulative meta-analysis.

Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Ovid from January 2010 to April 2020. The reference lists of the studies included in this review were also screened. Data were reviewed and extracted independently by two authors. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. Sources of heterogeneity among the studies were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression.

Results: The pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women was 28% and 17%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in adolescent girls/students of the school, adult women, pregnant women, and women with the disease was 23%, 27%, 32%, and 38%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in the continents of Oceania, Asia, Europe, America, and Africa was 36%, 14%, 38%, 31%, and 32%, respectively.

Conclusions: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women is very high, which is significant in all subgroups of adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate educational programs for them, especially in schools, to reduce the side effects and prevalence of smoking among women.

Keywords: Cigarette smoking; Nicotine; Prevalence; Tobacco; Women.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of the systematic review process using PRISMA checklist
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Pooled ever and current smoking prevalence in women
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Pooled ever and current smoking prevalence in women by study population
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Pooled ever and current smoking prevalence in women by continent
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Cumulative meta-analysis of ever and current smoking prevalence among women
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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