Prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms, infant white matter, and toddler behavioral problems

Abstract

Background: Maternal depression is prevalent during and following pregnancy and is related to adverse outcomes in offspring. Perinatal depression is associated with risk for difficulties in offspring; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are not clear. We examined whether maternal prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms were associated with infant white matter organization and with behavioral problems in toddlerhood.

Methods: 37 mother-infant dyads (20 male; ages 5.95-7.66 months) participated in this study. We conducted diffusion MRI with infants during natural sleep. Mothers reported on their prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms at six months postpartum. We calculated fractional anisotropy (FA), radial, axial, and mean diffusivity, and assessed offspring behavioral problems at age 18 months.

Results: Prenatal depressive symptoms were associated with FA of the corpus callosum; postnatal depressive symptoms were not associated with FA of limbic tracts or corpus callosum segmentations. Higher levels of prenatal depressive symptoms were associated with higher FA and lower radial diffusivity of the corpus callosum genu; FA of this region was positively associated with behavioral problems at age 18 months.

Limitations: This study had a small sample size; therefore, findings should be replicated. Further, we used retrospective reports of maternal prenatal depression, but validated them in this study.

Conclusions: Depressive symptoms during pregnancy may affect infant corpus callosum development and, in turn, offspring behaviors. These findings suggest that early maternal stress accelerates infant neurodevelopment in a manner that may increase risk for behavioral problems. Thus, efforts to reduce maternal prenatal depression should be a public health priority.

Figure 1.

Panel 1=limbic tracts. A=cingulum; B=cingulum hippocampus; C=fornix; D=uncinate fasciculus. Panel 2=corpus callosum segmentations. E=genu; F=body; G=splenium.

Figure 2.

EPDS=Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Data points with similar x- and y-axis values are indicated by overlapping circles that appear darker and more opaque.

Figure 3.

ECSA=Early Childhood Screening Assessment. Data points with similar x- and y-axis values are indicated by overlapping circles that appear darker and more opaque.