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Review
. 2021 Jan 8;11(1):125.
doi: 10.3390/ani11010125.

Fish Pathology Research and Diagnosis in Aquaculture of Farmed Fish; a Proteomics Perspective

Márcio Moreira  1   2   3 , Denise Schrama  1   2 , Ana Paula Farinha  1   2 , Marco Cerqueira  1 , Cláudia Raposo de Magalhães  1   2 , Raquel Carrilho  1   2 , Pedro Rodrigues  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Fish Pathology Research and Diagnosis in Aquaculture of Farmed Fish; a Proteomics Perspective

Márcio Moreira et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

One of the main constraints in aquaculture production is farmed fish vulnerability to diseases due to husbandry practices or external factors like pollution, climate changes, or even the alterations in the dynamic of product transactions in this industry. It is though important to better understand and characterize the intervenients in the process of a disease outbreak as these lead to huge economical losses in aquaculture industries. High-throughput technologies like proteomics can be an important characterization tool especially in pathogen identification and the virulence mechanisms related to host-pathogen interactions on disease research and diagnostics that will help to control, prevent, and treat diseases in farmed fish. Proteomics important role is also maximized by its holistic approach to understanding pathogenesis processes and fish responses to external factors like stress or temperature making it one of the most promising tools for fish pathology research.

Keywords: aquaculture; fish diseases; fish pathology; fish welfare; proteomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest and the funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Aquaculture disease diagram, indicating the main factors for the evaluation of pathogen, and host-pathogen interactions intervening in fish disease outbreaks (adapted from [19,20]).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Interaction between welfare, allostatic load, disease susceptibility and the repetitive/chronic stressful experiences appraised by the fish. Stressful stimuli may induce either adaptive (eustress) or maladaptive allostasis (distress). If the stressor persists, recovery to the original homeostatic state (homeostatic set point) may be incomplete. In this case, a newly defined set point for future adaptation is settled (allostatic setpoint). As a result, the welfare status is decreased with time and stress experienced. The cumulative burden of adaptation (allostatic load) is thus constituted by the beneficial stressful events that the fish can cope with, while the allostatic overload represents the state when stress overcomes the organism’s natural regulatory capacity, which may induce a state of no-recovery. At this step, primary barrier function is severely impaired increasing disease susceptibility, which may cause illness and ultimately death.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Disease diagnosis concentric ring, representing layers of disease diagnoses as environment, community, organism, tissue, and omics as a tool to interpret cell/tissue responses (adapted from [26]).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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