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. 2021 Jan 7;10(1):110.
doi: 10.3390/plants10010110.

Strategy of Salt Tolerance and Interactive Impact of Azotobacter chroococcum and/or Alcaligenes faecalis Inoculation on Canola (Brassica napus L.) Plants Grown in Saline Soil

Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef  1 , Amal M Omer  2 , Ali A Badawy  3 , Mahmoud S Osman  3 , Marwa M Ragaey  4
Affiliations

Strategy of Salt Tolerance and Interactive Impact of Azotobacter chroococcum and/or Alcaligenes faecalis Inoculation on Canola (Brassica napus L.) Plants Grown in Saline Soil

Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

A pot experiment was designed and performed in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) to determine the main effect of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their co-inoculation on growth criteria and physio-biochemical attributes of canola plants (Brassica napus L.) plant grown in saline soil. The results showed that inoculation with two PGPR (Azotobacter chroococcum and/or Alcaligenes faecalis) energized the growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments of stressed plants. Moreover, soluble sugars' and proteins' contents were boosted due to the treatments mentioned above. Proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents were markedly declined. At the same time, antioxidant enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD), were augmented due to the inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum and/or Alcaligenes faecalis. Regarding minerals' uptake, there was a decline in sodium (Na) and an increase in nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) uptake due to the application of either individual or co-inoculation with the mentioned bacterial isolates. This study showed that co-inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum and Alcaligenes faecalis was the most effective treatment and could be considered a premium tool used in facing environmental problems, especially saline soils.

Keywords: antioxidant activity; canola; osmolytes; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; salinity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) shoot length; (B) root length; (C) shoot fresh weight; (D) shoot dry weight; (E) root fresh weight; (F) root dry weight; and (G) number of leaves of canola plant inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum, Alcaligenes faecalis, and their co-inoculation under salinity-stress conditions. Bars show means of three independent replications (n = 3) ± standard error. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Chlorophyll a; (B) chlorophyll b; (C) chlorophyll a + b; and (D) carotenoids’ content in canola plant fresh leaves inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum, Alcaligenes faecalis, and their co-inoculation under salinity-stress conditions. Bars show means of three independent replications (n = 3) ± standard error. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05. FW: fresh weight.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and (B) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content in canola plant fresh leaves inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum, Alcaligenes faecalis, and their co-inoculation under salinity-stress conditions. Bars show means of three independent replications (n = 3) ± standard error. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05. FW: fresh weight.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), (B) ascorbate-peroxidase (APX), and (C) peroxidase (POD) activity in canola plant fresh leaves inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum, Alcaligenes faecalis, and their co-inoculation under salinity-stress conditions. Bars show means of three independent replications (n = 3) ± standard error. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05. FW: fresh weight.
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