High-salt intake affects retinal vascular tortuosity in healthy males: an exploratory randomized cross-over trial

Abstract

The retinal microcirculation is increasingly receiving credit as a relatively easily accessible microcirculatory bed that correlates closely with clinical cardiovascular outcomes. The effect of high salt (NaCl) intake on the retinal microcirculation is currently unknown. Therefore, we performed an exploratory randomized cross-over dietary intervention study in 18 healthy males. All subjects adhered to a two-week high-salt diet and low-salt diet, in randomized order, after which fundus photographs were taken and assessed using a semi-automated computer-assisted program (SIVA, version 4.0). Outcome parameters involved retinal venular and arteriolar tortuosity, vessel diameter, branching angle and fractal dimension. At baseline, participants had a mean (SD) age of 29.8 (4.4) years and blood pressure of 117 (9)/73 (5) mmHg. Overall, high-salt diet significantly increased venular tortuosity (12.2%, p = 0.001). Other retinal parameters were not significantly different between diets. Changes in arteriolar tortuosity correlated with changes in ambulatory systolic blood pressure (r = - 0.513; p = 0.04). In conclusion, high-salt diet increases retinal venular tortuosity, and salt-induced increases in ambulatory systolic blood pressure associate with decreases in retinal arteriolar tortuosity. Besides potential eye-specific consequences, both phenomena have previously been associated with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, underlining the deleterious microcirculatory effects of high salt intake.

Figure 1

Flowchart of inclusion of participants.

Figure 2

Boxplot of venular tortuosity after low salt diet and high salt diet. Venular tortuosity was significantly higher after the high salt diet (P = 0.001).

Figure 3

Scatterplot of the correlation between change in arteriolar tortuosity and change in ambulatory SBP. Changes were calculated as the values of (high-salt diet − low-salt diet)/(low-salt diet)* 100. There was a significant correlation between arteriolar tortuosity and the ambulatory SBP (r = − 0.513; p = 0.042). SBP, systolic blood pressure.