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Review
. 2021 Jan;45(1):1-21.
doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.009. Epub 2020 Jan 14.

Phytochemical analysis of Panax species: a review

Yuangui Yang  1 , Zhengcai Ju  1 , Yingbo Yang  1 , Yanhai Zhang  1 , Li Yang  1   2 , Zhengtao Wang  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Phytochemical analysis of Panax species: a review

Yuangui Yang et al. J Ginseng Res. 2021 Jan.

Abstract

Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.

Keywords: Analytical methods; Application; Content; Panax species; Sample preparations.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The main ginsenosides of Panax species (protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, ocotillol, oleanane, and C-17 side chain type).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The number of papers published during 1980 and 2019.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
The potential transformation pathway of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides after processing.
Scheme 2
Scheme 2
The potential transformation pathway of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides after processing.
Scheme 3
Scheme 3
The potential transformation pathway of malonyl and acetyl ginsenosides after processing.
Scheme 4
Scheme 4
The potential transformation pathway of oleanane ginsenosides after processing.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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