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Review
. 2021 Jan 1;18(3):604-614.
doi: 10.7150/ijms.50680. eCollection 2021.

Potential mechanisms linking psychological stress to bone health

Jia-Sheng Ng  1 , Kok-Yong Chin  1
Affiliations
Review

Potential mechanisms linking psychological stress to bone health

Jia-Sheng Ng et al. Int J Med Sci. .

Abstract

Chronic psychological stress affects many body systems, including the skeleton, through various mechanisms. This review aims to provide an overview of the factors mediating the relationship between psychological stress and bone health. These factors can be divided into physiological and behavioural changes induced by psychological stress. The physiological factors involve endocrinological changes, such as increased glucocorticoids, prolactin, leptin and parathyroid hormone levels and reduced gonadal hormones. Low-grade inflammation and hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system during psychological stress are also physiological changes detrimental to bone health. The behavioural changes during mental stress, such as altered dietary pattern, cigarette smoking, alcoholism and physical inactivity, also threaten the skeletal system. Psychological stress may be partly responsible for epigenetic regulation of skeletal development. It may also mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and bone health. However, more direct evidence is required to prove these hypotheses. In conclusion, chronic psychological stress should be recognised as a risk factor of osteoporosis and stress-coping methods should be incorporated as part of the comprehensive osteoporosis-preventing strategy.

Keywords: cortisol; hormones; mental stress; osteopenia; osteoporosis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Physiological mechanisms linking stress and low bone mineral density. Abbreviation: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH, corticotropin; NMU, neuromedin U; NPY, neuropeptide Y; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PICs, pro-inflammatory cytokines; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; SNS, sympathetic nervous system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Behavioural factors linking psychological stress and osteoporosis. Abbreviation: IGF-1 insulin-like growth factors-1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The relationship between psychological stress and bone health.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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