Type 2 diabetes in the US managed care setting: the burden of disease and rationale for an oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist

Abstract

Diabetes affects an estimated 34 million US adults, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounting for 90% to 95% of cases. The downstream consequences of uncontrolled T2D are substantial, including an increased risk of microvascular complications (eg, renal impairment, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy), cardiovascular disease, impaired quality of life, and death. Overall, diabetes places a significant strain on the US health care system, with 7.8 million hospitalizations annually among patients with diabetes, and $237 billion in direct medical costs. Injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been available for T2D for over a decade, and are recommended, in particular, for patients with a compelling need to minimize hypoglycemia risk, curtail weight gain, or promote weight loss, and for patients with established cardiovascular disease. Despite being associated with high glucose-lowering efficacy, weight loss, and a low risk of hypoglycemia, injectable GLP-1RAs are relatively underutilized, and are associated with suboptimal adherence and persistence. These challenges may relate in part to the injectable route of administration, given that injection-related concerns have been linked with a failure to intensify T2D therapy in a timely manner (ie, therapeutic inertia), and are cited by patients as a barrier to initiating and persisting with injectable treatments. The approval of the first tablet formulation of a GLP-1RA for T2D, oral semaglutide, has the potential to address these challenges. In this context, we review the burden of T2D in the United States, the role of GLP-1RAs, the challenges of therapeutic inertia and poor adherence, and the rationale for an oral GLP-1RA, focusing on considerations for managed care.