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Review
. 2021 Jan 11;13(2):231.
doi: 10.3390/polym13020231.

Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review

Abdoulhdi A Borhana Omran  1   2 , Abdulrahman A B A Mohammed  1 , S M Sapuan  3   4 , R A Ilyas  5   6 , M R M Asyraf  7 , Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor  8 , Michal Petrů  8
Affiliations
Review

Micro- and Nanocellulose in Polymer Composite Materials: A Review

Abdoulhdi A Borhana Omran et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

The high demand for plastic and polymeric materials which keeps rising every year makes them important industries, for which sustainability is a crucial aspect to be taken into account. Therefore, it becomes a requirement to makes it a clean and eco-friendly industry. Cellulose creates an excellent opportunity to minimize the effect of non-degradable materials by using it as a filler for either a synthesis matrix or a natural starch matrix. It is the primary substance in the walls of plant cells, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, and can be found in plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle. In this review, we discussed the recent research development and studies in the field of biocomposites that focused on the techniques of extracting micro- and nanocellulose, treatment and modification of cellulose, classification, and applications of cellulose. In addition, this review paper looked inward on how the reinforcement of micro- and nanocellulose can yield a material with improved performance. This article featured the performances, limitations, and possible areas of improvement to fit into the broader range of engineering applications.

Keywords: biocomposite; biopolymer; microcellulose; nanocellulose; nanocomposite; natural fiber; synthetic polymer.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Atomic force microscopy images show different structure between nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) [23] and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) [24]. (Reproduced with copyright permission from Ilyas et al. [23,24]).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Extraction of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass (reproduced with copyright permission from Sharma et al. [84]).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The general mechanism of peroxide radical initiated grafting of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) onto cellulose (reproduced with copyright permission from Wei et al. [101]).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses [159]. (Reproduced with copyright permission from Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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