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. 2021 Jan 13;21(1):39.
doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03041-4.

Test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia

Kuan-Wei Chen  1 , Ya-Chen Lee  2 , Tzu-Ying Yu  3 , Li-Jung Cheng  1 , Chien-Yu Chao  1 , Ching-Lin Hsieh  4   5   6
Affiliations

Test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia

Kuan-Wei Chen et al. BMC Psychiatry. .

Abstract

Background: Fluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed. The purposes of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) assessing fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.

Methods: A total of 103 patients with stable condition were assessed with the TONI-4 twice with a 4-week interval to examine the test-retest reliability. We further used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Tablet-Based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) to examine the convergent validity of the TONI-4.

Results: The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the TONI-4. The percentages of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for the TONI-4 were 5.1 and 14.2%, respectively. The practice effect of the TONI-4 was small (Cohen's d = - 0.03). Convergent validity showed small to moderate significant correlations between the TONI-4 and the MoCA as well as the T-SDMT (r = 0.35, p = .011 with the T-SDMT and r = 0.61, p < .001 with the MoCA). The results demonstrated that the TONI-4 had good test-retest reliability, limited random measurement error, and a trivial practice effect. The convergent validity of the TONI-4 was good.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that the TONI-4 has potential to be a reliable and valid assessment of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.

Keywords: Cognition; Fluid intelligence; Intelligence; Psychometrics; Schizophrenia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Bland–Altman plot showing the difference scores against the mean scores of pair of scores on the TONI-4. Note. The solid line shows the mean of the differences (− 0.5). The two dashed lines represent 95% limits of agreement (d ± 1.96 × SD = −14.6–13.6)
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