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Review
. 2021 Jan 13;7(1):51.
doi: 10.3390/jof7010051.

Taxonomy, Diversity and Cultivation of the Oudemansielloid/Xeruloid Taxa Hymenopellis, Mucidula, Oudemansiella, and Xerula with Respect to Their Bioactivities: A Review

Allen Grace Niego  1   2   3 , Olivier Raspé  1   2 , Naritsada Thongklang  1   2 , Rawiwan Charoensup  4   5 , Saisamorn Lumyong  6   7   8 , Marc Stadler  9   10 , Kevin D Hyde  1   11
Affiliations
Review

Taxonomy, Diversity and Cultivation of the Oudemansielloid/Xeruloid Taxa Hymenopellis, Mucidula, Oudemansiella, and Xerula with Respect to Their Bioactivities: A Review

Allen Grace Niego et al. J Fungi (Basel). .

Abstract

The oudemansielloid/xeruloid taxa Hymenopellis, Mucidula, Oudemansiella, and Xerula are genera of Basidiomycota that constitute an important resource of bioactive compounds. Numerous studies have shown antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other bioactivities of their extracts. The bioactive principles can be divided into two major groups: (a) hydrophilic polysaccharides with relatively high molecular weights and (b) low molecular medium polar secondary metabolites, such as the antifungal strobilurins. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on biodiversity, cultivation of the fungi and bioactivities of their secondary metabolites and discuss future applications. Although the strobilurins are well-documented, with commercial applications as agrochemical fungicides, there are also other known compounds from this group that have not yet been well-studied. Polysaccharides, dihydro-citrinone phenol A acid, scalusamides, and acetylenic lactones such as xerulin, also have potential applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and medicinal market and should be further explored. Further studies are recommended to isolate high quality bioactive compounds and fully understand their modes of action. Given that only few species of oudemansielloid/xeruloid mushrooms have been explored for their production of secondary metabolites, these taxa represent unexplored sources of potentially useful and novel bioactive metabolites.

Keywords: Basidiomycota; bioactive compounds; cultivation; diversity; taxonomy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Basidiomata of Oudemansiella collected from the wild in Thailand. (a,b). Oudemansiella spp. (HT19-0047, HT19-0050). Photos by A.G. Niego.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Some basidiomata collected from the wild in Thailand. (a). Xerula sp. (immature basidioma) (b). Xerula sinopudens (c–e). Hymenopellis sp. Photos by A.G. Niego.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Geographical distribution of OX genera showing their concentration in some continents.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Basidiomata of Hymenopellis raphanipes cultivated in China and in the Mae Fah Luang (MFU) laboratory, Thailand. (a). Mature basidiomata, (b). Young basidiomata, (c). Basidomata from bags. Photos from Yu Wei and A.G. Niego.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structures of bioactive compounds isolated from OX genera with antimicrobial/antifungal activities.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Chemical structures of polysaccharides isolated from OX genera with anti-oxidative properties.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chemical structures of compounds identified from Xerula sp. BCC56836 with antifungal and insecticidal properties.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Chemical structures of other compounds act as inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis isolated from Oudemansiella melanotricha.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Biosynthesis of strobilurin A [85].
Figure 10
Figure 10
Chemical structures of synthetic strobilurins on the market.
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