Reasons for failure in primary total knee arthroplasty - An analysis of prospectively collected registry data

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the causes leading to a first revision of primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a specialized knee centre and compare the results with previously published data.

Methods: Prospectively collected data of a consecutive number of 195 patients after primary TKA and who underwent first revision surgery after completing the diagnostic algorithm for persistent knee pain were included. Data was prospectively collected from a specialized knee centre in which the patients presented between 2015 and 2020 and retrospectively analysed. Indications for revision surgery were categorized using all available information from patients' records. Patients were divided into early (up to two years) and late revision (more than two years).

Results: Overall mean time from index to revision surgery was 3.6 years. 49% of knee revisions occurred in the first two years, 51% after two years. 86% of the patients were referred to the knee centre from other surgeons. The most frequent reason for revision was instability, followed by patellofemoral problems, extensor mechanism insufficiency and malalignment. The most frequently performed revision was complete removal and re-implantation of a semi constrained implant design (52.5%) followed by revision using a full constrained implant design (16%). Secondary patella-resurfacing as part of complete revision was carried out in 71.5% of the cases. The majority of the patients showed concurrent reasons for TKA failure with significant correlations amongst another. Furthermore, correlations were identified between indications for revision surgery and revision implant designs.

Conclusion: In a specialized knee centre the most common indications for the first TKA revision were instability and patellofemoral and/or extensor mechanism insufficiency followed by malalignment. In most patients there was not only one failure mode, but a combination of many. It is important to establish a standardized diagnostic algorithm to facilitate comprehensive and efficient diagnostics and the optimal treatment.

Keywords: Failure; Implants; Indication; Revision; Switzerland; Total knee arthroplasty; Total knee replacement.

Fig. 1

The “Bruderholz” standardized diagnostic algorithm for patients with pain after total knee arthroplasty. WB, weight bearing; SPECT/CT, single photon emission computed tomography/computer tomography.

Fig. 2

The percentages of patients with each revision indication stratified into early, late an overall subgroup are shown.