Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Heart Disease

Abstract

One of the novel interesting topics in the study of cardiovascular disease is the role of the oxidation system, since inflammation and oxidative stress are known to lead to cardiovascular diseases, their progression and complications. During decades of research, many complex interactions between agents of oxidative stress, oxidation, and antioxidant systems have been elucidated, and numerous important pathophysiological links to na number of disorders and diseases have been established. This review article will present the most relevant knowledge linking oxidative stress to vascular dysfunction and disease. The review will focus on the role of oxidative stress in endotheleial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and other pathogenetic processes and mechanisms that contribute to the development of ischemic heart disease.

Figure 1

Acute and chronic coronary syndrome definitions and classification [14, 17].

Figure 2

Endothelial dysfunction and development of vascular damage.

Figure 3

The role of oxidative stress in the onset of atherosclerosis and the pathophysiological implications of congestive heart failure. ANG II: angiotensin II; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; EC: endothelial cells; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MI: myocardial infarction; NO: nitric oxide; RAAS: renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SNS: sympathetic nervous system; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells.

Figure 4

Difference between coronary microvascular dysfunction and atherothrombotic coronary artery disease. ET-1: endothelin -1; PGH2: prostaglandin H2; TXA2: thromboxane A2; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NO: nitric oxide; EDHF: endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor – α; IL-1: interleukin-1; IFN- γ:), interferon-gamma; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells; EC: endothelial cell.

Figure 5

Biogenesis of miR-155. ARE: antioxidant responsive element; Bach 1: BTB domain and CNC homolog 1; DICER: ribonuclease DICER; DROSHA: ribonuclease DROSHA; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; KEAP1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; MAF: musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma; miR: microRNA; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NRF2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; TNFR: tumor necrosis factor receptor.