Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Feb;21(2):171-183.
doi: 10.1111/papr.12945. Epub 2020 Sep 26.

High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation at 10 kHz for the Treatment of Nonsurgical Refractory Back Pain: Design of a Pragmatic, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial

Naresh Patel  1 , Aaron Calodney  2 , Leonardo Kapural  3   4 , Rose Province-Azalde  5 , Shivanand P Lad  6 , Julie Pilitsis  7 , Chengyuan Wu  8 , Taissa Cherry  9 , Jeyakumar Subbaroyan  5 , Bradford Gliner  5 , David Caraway  5
Affiliations

High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation at 10 kHz for the Treatment of Nonsurgical Refractory Back Pain: Design of a Pragmatic, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial

Naresh Patel et al. Pain Pract. 2021 Feb.

Abstract

Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to provide pain relief for chronic back and leg pain due to failed back surgery syndrome. But many patients with chronic back pain have not had major back surgery or are not good candidates for surgery, and conventional medical management (CMM) provides limited relief. We have termed this condition nonsurgical refractory back pain (NSRBP). Level 1 evidence does not yet exist showing the therapeutic benefit of SCS for NSRBP.

Objective: To compare 10-kHz SCS plus CMM (10-kHz SCS + CMM) to CMM alone for treatment of NSRBP in terms of clinical and cost effectiveness.

Study design: Multicenter, randomized controlled trial (RCT), with subjects randomized 1:1 to either 10-kHz SCS + CMM or CMM alone. Optional crossover occurs at 6 months if treatment does not achieve ≥50% pain relief.

Methods: Patients with NSRBP as defined above may be enrolled if they are ineligible for surgery based on surgical consultation. Subjects randomized to 10-kHz SCS + CMM will receive a permanent implant if sufficient pain relief is achieved in a temporary trial. Both groups will receive CMM per standard of care and will undergo assessments at baseline and at follow-ups to 12 months. Self-report outcomes include pain, disability, sleep, mental health, satisfaction, healthcare utilization, and quality of life.

Results: Enrollment was initiated on September 10, 2018. Prespecified independent interim analysis at 40% of the enrollment target indicated the sample size was sufficient to show superiority of treatment at the primary endpoint; therefore, enrollment was stopped at 211.

Conclusions: This large multicenter RCT will provide valuable evidence to guide clinical decisions in NSRBP.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03680846.

Keywords: 10-kHz SCS; high-frequency; medical management; nonsurgical refractory back pain; spinal cord stimulation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

N.P., C.W., and T.C. have nothing to disclose. J.P. has received a research grant and honorarium from Nevro Corp. and consulting fees from Boston Scientific and Abbott. A.C., L.K., and N.L. serve as scientific consultants to Nevro Corp. D.C., R.P.A., J.S., and B.G. are employees of Nevro Corp.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic showing the criteria for non‐surgical refractory back pain population.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Protocol flow. CMM, conventional medical management; HF10, high‐frequency stimulation at 10 kHz.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Shmagel A, Foley R, Ibrahim H. Epidemiology of chronic low back pain in US adults: data from the 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68:1688–1694. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tagliaferri SD, Miller CT, Owen PJ, et al. Domains of chronic low back pain and assessing treatment effectiveness: a clinical perspective. Pain Pract. 2020;20:211–225. - PubMed
    1. Poulin PA, Nelli J, Tremblay S, et al. Chronic pain in the emergency department: a pilot mixed‐methods cross‐sectional study examining patient characteristics and reasons for presentations. Pain Res Manag. 2016;2016:3092391. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kim LH, Vail D, Azad TD, et al. Expenditures and health care utilization among adults with newly diagnosed low back and lower extremity pain. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e193676. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kikuchi S. The recent trend in diagnosis and treatment of chronic low back pain. Spine Surg Relat Res. 2017;1:1–6. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Associated data