1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) Deaminase Gene in Pseudomonas azotoformans Is Associated with the Amelioration of Salinity Stress in Tomato

Abstract

Although bacteria with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity have been used to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses in crops, it is not well known whether the ACC deaminase gene (acdS) in Pseudomonas azotoformans is related to the alleviation of salt stress by the bacterium. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acdS in P. azotoformans strain CHB 1107 on the nutrient uptake and growth of tomato plants under salt stress. The acdS mutant (CHB 1107 M) of P. azotoformans CHB 1107 was obtained through bacterial conjugation. Wild-type (CHB 1107 WT) and CHB 1107 M were used to inoculate tomato plants grown in a soil or solution with an electrical conductivity of 6 dS/m adjusted by NaCl. CHB 1107 M completely lost the ability to produce ACC deaminase, whereas the complementation of acdS in CHB 1107 M preserved its ACC deaminase activity. CHB 1107 WT significantly reduced the production of ethylene and proline by tomato plants under salt stress, increasing the shoot and root dry weights of tomato plants compared with the noninoculated control and CHB 1107 M. In addition, tomato plants inoculated with CHB 1107 M showed a significant reduction in K (27.5%), Ca (23.0%), and Mn uptake (17.5%) compared with those inoculated with CHB 1107 WT. In contrast, CHB 1107 WT significantly reduced Na uptake by tomato plants in comparison to CHB 1107 M in saline soil conditions. In addition, the inoculation of tomato plants with CHB 1107 WT resulted in a higher K/Na ratio than in those inoculated with CHB 1107 M and the noninoculated control. These findings suggest that acdS in P. azotoformans is associated with the amelioration of salinity stress in tomato. Plant transformation with acdS and the field application of P. azotoformans may be used as potential management tools for crops under salt stress.

Keywords: ACC deaminase; electrical conductivity; plant growth-promoting bacteria; salt stress; soil salinity.