Obesity Blunts the Ventilatory Response to Exercise in Men and Women

Abstract

Rationale: Obesity presents a mechanical load to the thorax, which could perturb the generation of minute ventilation (V̇e) during exercise. Because the respiratory effects of obesity are not homogenous among all individuals with obesity and obesity-related effects could vary depending on the magnitude of obesity, we hypothesized that the exercise ventilatory response (slope of the V̇e and carbon dioxide elimination [V̇co₂] relationship) would manifest itself differently as the magnitude of obesity increases.Objectives: To investigate the V̇e/V̇co₂ slope in an obese population that spanned across a wide body mass index (BMI) range.Methods: A total of 533 patients who presented to a surgical weight loss center for pre-bariatric surgery testing performed an incremental maximal cycling test and were studied retrospectively. The V̇e/V̇co₂ slope was calculated up to the ventilatory threshold. Patients were examined in groups based on BMI (category 1: 30-39.9 kg/m², category 2: 40-49.9 kg/m², and category 3: ≥50 kg/m²). Because the respiratory effects of obesity could be sex and/or age specific, we further examined patients in groups by sex and age (younger: <50 yr and older: ≥50 yr). Differences in the V̇e/V̇co₂ slope were then compared between BMI category, age, and sex using a three-way ANOVA.Results: No significant BMI category by sex by age interactions was detected (P = 0.75). The V̇e/V̇co₂ slope decreased with increases in BMI (category 1, 29.1 ± 4.0; category 2, 28.4 ± 4.1; and category 3, 27.1 ± 3.3) and was elevated in women (28.9 ± 4.1) compared with men (26.7 ± 3.2) (BMI category by sex interaction, P < 0.05). No age-related differences were observed (BMI category by age interaction, P = 0.55). The partial pressure for end-tidal CO₂ was elevated at the ventilatory threshold in BMI category 3 compared with BMI categories 1 and 2 (both P < 0.01).Conclusions: These findings suggest that obesity presents a unique challenge to augmenting ventilatory output relative to CO₂ elimination, such that the increase in the exercise ventilatory response becomes blunted as the magnitude of obesity increases. Further studies are required to investigate the clinical consequences and the mechanisms that may explain the attenuation of exercise ventilatory response with increasing BMI in men and women with obesity.

Keywords: breathing mechanics; ventilatory constraint; ventilatory efficiency.

Figure 1.

Bar and whisker plots comparing the V̇e/V̇co ₂ slope between men and women within body mass index (BMI) categories 1 (BMI, 30–39.9 kg/m²; 31 men and 119 women), 2 (BMI, 40–49.9 kg/m²; 68 men and 185 women), and 3 (BMI, ≥50 kg/m²; 46 men and 84 women). Dashed lines represent the mean values. *Significantly different between groups, P < 0.05. Cat = category; V̇co ₂ = carbon dioxide elimination; V̇e = minute ventilation.

Figure 2.

Bar and whisker plots comparing the V̇e/V̇co ₂ slope between older (n = 181; mean age, 57 ± 7 yr; 51 men and 130 women) and younger (n = 354; mean age, 38 ± 7 yr; 94 men and 260 women) individuals. Dashed line represents the mean value. *Significantly different between groups, P < 0.05. V̇co ₂ = carbon dioxide elimination; V̇e = minute ventilation.