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Review
. 2021 Jan 15;10(2):300.
doi: 10.3390/jcm10020300.

Sex-Related Differences of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis in Adults

Madeline Drake  1 , Shah-Jahan M Dodwad  1 , Joy Davis  1 , Lillian S Kao  1 , Yanna Cao  1 , Tien C Ko  1
Affiliations
Review

Sex-Related Differences of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis in Adults

Madeline Drake et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

The incidence of acute and chronic pancreatitis is increasing in the United States. Rates of acute pancreatitis (AP) are similar in both sexes, but chronic pancreatitis (CP) is more common in males. When stratified by etiology, women have higher rates of gallstone AP, while men have higher rates of alcohol- and tobacco-related AP and CP, hypercalcemic AP, hypertriglyceridemic AP, malignancy-related AP, and type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). No significant sex-related differences have been reported in medication-induced AP or type 2 AIP. Whether post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis is sex-associated remains controversial. Animal models have demonstrated sex-related differences in the rates of induction and severity of AP, CP, and AIP. Animal and human studies have suggested that a combination of risk factor profiles, as well as genes, may be responsible for the observed differences. More investigation into the sex-related differences of AP and CP is desired in order to improve clinical management by developing effective prevention strategies, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

Keywords: acute pancreatitis; animal models; chronic pancreatitis; epidemiology; sex-associated differences.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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