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. 2021 Jan 15;14(2):415.
doi: 10.3390/ma14020415.

Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite

Sylwia Członka  1 , Agnė Kairytė  2 , Karolina Miedzińska  1 , Anna Strąkowska  1
Affiliations

Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite

Sylwia Członka et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Polyurethane (PUR) composites were modified with 2 wt.% of lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite (K) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The impact of lavender fillers on selected properties of PUR composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, foaming behavior), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength), insulation properties (thermal conductivity), thermal characteristic (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), flame retardancy (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, heat peak release) and performance properties (water uptake, contact angle) was investigated. Among all modified types of PUR composites, the greatest improvement was observed for PUR composites filled with lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite and hydroxyapatite. For example, on the addition of functionalized lavender fillers, the compressive strength was enhanced by ~16-18%, flexural strength by ~9-12%, and impact strength by ~7%. Due to the functionalization of lavender filler with thermally stable flame retardant compounds, such modified PUR composites were characterized by higher temperatures of thermal decomposition. Most importantly, PUR composites filled with flame retardant compounds exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics-in both cases, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~50%, while the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~30%.

Keywords: high-ball milling process; hydroxyapatite; kaolinite; lavender; polyurethane composites; thermal conductivity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors reported no conflicts of interest related to this study.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Optical image of (a) non-functionalized lavender filler, (b) lavender filler functionalized with kaolinite, and (c) lavender fillers functionalized with hydroxyapatite.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic procedure of the synthesis of polyurethane (PUR) composites filled with non-functionalized and functionalized lavender fillers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM images of lavender fillers: (a,b) Non-functionalized lavender, (c,d) lavender functionalized with kaolinite, (e,f) lavender functionalized with hydroxyapatite.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The results of start time and expansion time measured for PUR systems.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Cellular morphology of (a,b) PUR_REF, (c,d) PUR_L, (e,f) PUR_L_K, (g,h) PUR_L_HA.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The results of apparent density and thermal conductivity measured for PUR composites.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Thermogravimetric (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) results obtained for (a,b) lavender fillers, and (c,d) PUR composites.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Thermogravimetric (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) results obtained for (a,b) lavender fillers, and (c,d) PUR composites.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The mechanical performances of PUR foams—(a) compressive strength, (b) flexural and impact strength.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The impact of lavender filler addition on the cross-linking of PUR composites—(a) PUR_REF, (b) PUR composites with the addition lavender fillers.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Selected properties of PUR composites—water uptake and contact angle results.
Figure 11
Figure 11
The images of contact angles measured for (a) PUR_REF, (b) PUR_L, (c) PUR_L_K, and (d) PUR_L_HA.
Figure 12
Figure 12
The results of (a) peak heat release rate (pHRR) and (b) total smoke release (TSR) measured for PUR composites.
Figure 13
Figure 13
SEM images of char residue of (a) PUR_REF, (b) PUR_L, (c) PUR_L_K, and (d) PUR_L_HA (obtained after the cone calorimeter test).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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