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. 2021 Jan 11:16:223-235.
doi: 10.2147/IJN.S266692. eCollection 2021.

Antimicrobial Double-Layer Wound Dressing Based on Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Copper: In vitro and in vivo Assessment

Ensieh Ghasemian Lemraski  1 , Hossein Jahangirian  2 , Maryam Dashti  1 , Elaheh Khajehali  3 , Soheila Sharafinia  4 , Roshanak Rafiee-Moghaddam  2 , Thomas J Webster  2
Affiliations

Antimicrobial Double-Layer Wound Dressing Based on Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Copper: In vitro and in vivo Assessment

Ensieh Ghasemian Lemraski et al. Int J Nanomedicine. .

Abstract

Purpose: Today, the development of wounds and their side effects has become a problematic issue in medical science research. Hydrogel-based dressings are some of the best candidates for this purpose due to their ability to keep the wound bed clean, as well as provide proper moisture, tissue compatibility and an antimicrobial effect for wound healing. On the other hand, copper and its compounds have been used experimentally for many years in studies as an antimicrobial substance. Various studies have been performed determining the antimicrobial properties of this element, during which significant effects on infection have been shown.

Methods: Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/copper nanofibers were successfully prepared by incorporating Cu onto a polymer electrospun using an electrospinning technique. A double-layer nanofiber composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan incorporated with Cu nanoparticles as a protective layer and a second layer composed of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers which was adjacent to the damaged cells was prepared. The prepared nanofiber was characterized by TGA, FT-IR, TEM, SEM-EDS, and X-ray powder diffraction. The antimicrobial efficiency of the nanofibers was demonstrated through biological tests on some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the prepared hydrogel formulations were prepared to evaluate their effect on the healing process of rat open wounds.

Results: In this study, data from SEM, TEM, EDS, and XRD confirmed the formation of uniform fibers with nanodiameters and the presence of Cu nanoparticles onto the electrospun nanofibers. The antibacterial activity of copper was observed against all of the selected bacteria, but the Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive compared to Gram-negative bacteria.

Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the hydrogel wound dressing prepared in this research can be effective in caring for open wounds in the early stages of wound healing and preventing the occurrence of prolonged open wounds.

Keywords: antimicrobial; chitosan; copper; healing; hydrogel; nanofiber.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no potential conflicts of interest for this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SEM images of the PVA/CS (A, B) and PVA/CS/CuNPs nanofibers (C, D).
Figure 2
Figure 2
EDX spectra of the PVA/CS/CuNPs nanofibers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
TEM images of the PVA/CS/CuNPs nanofibers.
Figure 4
Figure 4
XRD pattern of the PVA/CS/Cu nanofibers.
Figure 5
Figure 5
FT-IR spectra of the PVA, PVA/CS, and PVA/CS/CuNPs nanofibers.
Figure 6
Figure 6
TGA curves of the PVA (gray solid line), PVA/CS (dashed line), and PVA/CS/Cu nanofiber (black solid line).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Cu release test as a function of time.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Antimicrobial susceptibility disk diffusion test. (A) Escherichia coli, (B) Bacillus cereus, (C) Staphylococcus aureus, and (D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 1) PVA, 2) PVA/CS, 3) PVA/CS/CuNPs and T) Tetracycline (Control).
Figure 9
Figure 9
In vivo result of wounds in adult male albino rats. Images of the wound area of all five groups of rats on days 0, 3, 7, 11, and 15 and for the positive control, negative control, PVA, PVA/CS, and PVA/CS/CuNPs.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The percentage of wound closure for the positive control, negative control, PVA, PVA/CS, and PVA/CS/CuNPs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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