Do Drug-likeness Rules Apply to Oral Prodrugs?

Abstract

This paper describes a comparative analysis of the physicochemical and structural properties of prodrugs and their corresponding drugs with regard to drug-likeness rules. The dataset used in this work was obtained from the DrugBank. Sixty-five pairs of prodrugs/drugs were retrieved and divided into the following categories: carrier-linked to increase hydrophilic character, carrier-linked to increase absorption, and bioprecursors. We compared the physicochemical properties related to drug-likeness between prodrugs and drugs. Our results show that prodrugs do not always follow Lipinski's Rule of 5, especially as we observed 15 prodrugs with more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors and 18 with a molecular weight greater than 500 Da. This fact highlights the importance of extending Lipinski's rules to encompass other parameters as both strategies (filtering of drug-like chemical libraries and prodrug design) aim to improve the bioavailability of compounds. Therefore, critical reasoning is fundamental to determine whether a structure has drug-like properties or could be considered a potential orally active compound in the drug-design pipeline.

Keywords: computational ADME; drug-like properties; oral absorption; physicochemical properties; prodrugs.