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. 2021 Jan 19;12(1):123.
doi: 10.3390/genes12010123.

Satellite DNA in Neotropical Deer Species

Miluse Vozdova  1 , Svatava Kubickova  1 , Natália Martínková  2 , David Javier Galindo  3 , Agda Maria Bernegossi  3 , Halina Cernohorska  1 , Dita Kadlcikova  1 , Petra Musilová  1 , Jose Mauricio Duarte  3 , Jiri Rubes  1
Affiliations

Satellite DNA in Neotropical Deer Species

Miluse Vozdova et al. Genes (Basel). .

Abstract

The taxonomy and phylogenetics of Neotropical deer have been mostly based on morphological criteria and needs a critical revision on the basis of new molecular and cytogenetic markers. In this study, we used the variation in the sequence, copy number, and chromosome localization of satellite I-IV DNA to evaluate evolutionary relationships among eight Neotropical deer species. Using FISH with satI-IV probes derived from Mazama gouazoubira, we proved the presence of satellite DNA blocks in peri/centromeric regions of all analyzed deer. Satellite DNA was also detected in the interstitial chromosome regions of species of the genus Mazama with highly reduced chromosome numbers. In contrast to Blastocerus dichotomus, Ozotoceros bezoarticus, and Odocoileus virginianus, Mazama species showed high abundance of satIV DNA by FISH. The phylogenetic analysis of the satellite DNA showed close relationships between O. bezoarticus and B. dichotomus. Furthermore, the Neotropical and Nearctic populations of O. virginianus formed a single clade. However, the satellite DNA phylogeny did not allow resolving the relationships within the genus Mazama. The high abundance of the satellite DNA in centromeres probably contributes to the formation of chromosomal rearrangements, thus leading to a fast and ongoing speciation in this genus, which has not yet been reflected in the satellite DNA sequence diversification.

Keywords: Cervidae; FISH; comparative cytogenetics; satellite DNA; sequencing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FISH patterns of the satI (green) and satII (red) DNA probe in the analyzed species.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Examples of centromeric and interstitial satI, satII, and satIV signals on autosomes, X chromosomes, and B chromosomes. MBO—M. bororo, MNA—M. nana, MAM—M. americana. Centromeres are indicated by white lines.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Examples of FISH patterns of the satIII (green) DNA probe in selected species. FISH pattern similar to the results in M. bororo was observed in all species except B. dichotomus.
Figure 4
Figure 4
FISH patterns of the satIV (red) DNA probe in the analyzed species.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Bayesian phylogenetic trees constructed from cervid satellite sequences. (A) SatI, (B) satII. AAL—Alces alces, BDI —Blastocerus dichotomus, CAL—Cervus albirostris, CCA—Capreolus capreolus, CEL—Cervus elaphus, DDA—Dama dama, EDA—Elaphurus davidianus, MAM—Mazama americana, MBO—Mazama bororo, MGO—Mazama gouazoubira, MNA—Mazama nana, MNE—Mazama nemorivaga, MRE—Muntiacus reevesi, OBE—Ozotoceros bezoarticus, OVI—Odocoileus virginianus, REL—Rucervus eldii, RTA—Rangifer tarandus, RTI—Rusa timorensis. Circles at nodes signify nodes with posterior probability ≥0.95 (black) and ≥0.90 (grey). Unmarked nodes were not supported.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Bayesian phylogenetic trees constructed from cervid satellite sequences. (A) SatIII, (B) satIV. AAL—Alces alces, BDI—Blastocerus dichotomus, CAL—Cervus albirostris, CCA—Capreolus capreolus, CEL—Cervus elaphus, DDA—Dama dama, EDA—Elaphurus davidianus, MAM—Mazama americana, MBO—Mazama bororo, MGO—Mazama gouazoubira, MNA—Mazama nana, MNE—Mazama nemorivaga, MRE—Muntiacus reevesi, OBE—Ozotoceros bezoarticus, OVI—Odocoileus virginianus, REL—Rucervus eldii, RTA—Rangifer tarandus, RTI—Rusa timorensis. Circles at nodes signify nodes with posterior probability ≥0.95 (black) and ≥0.90 (grey). Unmarked nodes were not supported.
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