Risk factors and comorbidities associated with magnesium deficiency in pregnant women and women with hormone-related conditions: analysis of a large real-world dataset

Abstract

Background: An accumulating body of literature indicates that magnesium deficiency is associated with a number of hormone-related conditions (HRC) in women, and epidemiological studies are needed to assess its prevalence and risk factors. Here, we present a secondary analysis of data pooled from four large observational studies that assessed magnesium deficiency among pregnant women and women with HRC across the Russian Federation.

Methods: The main objective of this analysis was to estimate the prevalence of magnesium deficiency in this population and to describe risk factors and comorbidities associated with low serum magnesium. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors and comorbid conditions associated with an increased risk of low serum magnesium level.

Results: A total of 983 pregnant women and 9444 women with HRC were eligible for analysis. Prevalence of hypomagnesemia (magnesium serum level cut-off < 0.66 mmol/L/< 0.8 mmol/L) was 34.0%/78.9% in pregnant women and 21.4%/54.8% in women with HRC. The highest prevalence of magnesium deficiency was observed for osteoporosis and climacteric syndrome. Risk factors included diastolic blood pressure, previous pregnancy complications, infections and edema for pregnant women, and age, body mass index, and various comorbidities for women with HRC.

Conclusions: These results confirm the high prevalence of hypomagnesemia in pregnant women and women with HRC and underline the importance of routine screening, since risk factors are mostly non-specific.

Keywords: Climacteric syndrome; Hormone replacement therapy; Magnesium deficiency; Oral contraceptives; Osteoporosis; Pregnancy.

Fig. 1

Study cohorts. ^aIncludes women with climacteric syndrome not receiving HRT. ^bIncludes surgical menopause. ^cIncludes women of reproductive age with other hormonal conditions: endometriosis, polycystic ovarian disease, uterine leiomyoma, dysmenorrhea, endometrial hyperplasia. HRT, hormone replacement therapy; PMS, premenstrual syndrome

Fig. 2

Proportion of participants according to serum magnesium status at baseline using 0.66 mmol/L a or 0.8 mmol/L b as the cut-off. HRT, hormone replacement therapy; PMS, premenstrual syndrome

Fig. 3

Risk factors significantly associated with hypomagnesemia defined by a cut-off of < 0.66 mmol/L in pregnant women. ^aIn the past medical history. ^bEstimated using logistic regression. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio

Fig. 4

Risk factors from the category ‘obstetric and gynecological past medical history and status’ associated with hypomagnesemia defined by a cut-off of < 0.66 mmol/L in women with hormone-related conditions. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio. ^aEstimated using logistic regression