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Multicenter Study
. 2021 Feb;14(2):193-200.
doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.010. Epub 2020 Dec 15.

Characteristics and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in critically ill pediatric patients admitted to the intensive care unit: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

Abdulla Alfraij  1 , Abdulrahman A Bin Alamir  2 , Abdulnasir M Al-Otaibi  3 , Danah Alsharrah  4 , Abdulrahman Aldaithan  5 , Ahmed M Kamel  6 , Muna Almutairi  7 , Salman Alshammari  8 , Mohammed Almazyad  9 , Jara Mia Macarambon  10 , Mohammad Alghounaim  11
Affiliations
Multicenter Study

Characteristics and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in critically ill pediatric patients admitted to the intensive care unit: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

Abdulla Alfraij et al. J Infect Public Health. 2021 Feb.

Abstract

Background: Characteristics of critical Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children is not well understood. This study described the clinical characteristics of children admitted to intensive care units (ICU) and explored factors associated with the need for invasive ventilation or mortality.

Methods: A multicenter, retrospective, cohort study was conducted over eight medical centers, including all patients younger than 18 years of age and admitted to the ICU due to a direct consequence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients who were admitted to the ICU for any alternate reason and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by screening test, and patients who were admitted due to multi-inflammatory syndrome in children, were excluded. Demographic, laboratory, imaging, and clinical data were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to compare survivors and non-survivors. Fine and Gray's hazard model was used to estimate the association between clinical variables and ICU death.

Results: During the study period, 25 pediatric COVID-19 patients received care in the ICUs. The median age was 2.78 years (IQR 0.21-8.51), and 60% were male. Only three patients were reported to be previously healthy at admission. Nine (36%) patients required invasive mechanical ventilation, including two were on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Four (16%) patients died during ICU care. In univariate analysis, the presence of comorbidity (HR 0.0001; 95%CI 0.00001-0.00016), platelets count (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98-0.99), elevated procalcitonin (HR 1.05; 95%CI 1.016-1.09), and circulatory compromise (HR 16.34; 95%CI 1.99-134.35), all at the time of ICU admission, were associated with in-ICU mortality.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that children admitted to the ICU with SARS-CoV-2 infection, generally, have a favorable outcome. Low platelets count, elevated procalcitonin, presence of comorbidity, and shock at the time of ICU admission were associated with death. This study may shed more light on the disease dynamics of critical pediatric COVID-19.

Keywords: Children; Intensive care; Mortality; SARS-CoV-2.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of patients included in the study.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plot diagram demonstrating unadjusted hazard ratio for factors associated with ICU mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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