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Review
. 2021 Jan 21;18(3):904.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18030904.

Exercise, Immune System, Nutrition, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19: A Complex Combination

Olga Scudiero  1   2   3 , Barbara Lombardo  1   3 , Mariarita Brancaccio  4 , Cristina Mennitti  1 , Arturo Cesaro  5   6 , Fabio Fimiani  7 , Luca Gentile  3 , Elisabetta Moscarella  5   6 , Federica Amodio  5 , Annaluisa Ranieri  3 , Felice Gragnano  5   6 , Sonia Laneri  8 , Cristina Mazzaccara  1   2 , Pierpaolo Di Micco  9 , Martina Caiazza  10 , Giovanni D'Alicandro  11 , Giuseppe Limongelli  12 , Paolo Calabrò  5   6 , Raffaela Pero  1   2 , Giulia Frisso  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Exercise, Immune System, Nutrition, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases during COVID-19: A Complex Combination

Olga Scudiero et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a large family of RNA viruses that can infect different living species, posing a global threat to human health. CoVs can evade the immune response, replicate within the host, and cause a rapid immune compromise culminating in severe acute respiratory syndrome. In humans, the immune system functions are influenced by physical activity, nutrition, and the absence of respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an in-depth study between the interactions of the immune system and coronaviruses in the host to defend against CoVs disease.

Keywords: cardiovascular disorders; coronavirus; immune system; nutrition; physical exercise; respiratory infection.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Morphological organization of the coronavirus.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Symptoms of coronavirus.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The immune system of athletes.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Proper nutrition.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Protocols for return-to-play for the athletes.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Diagnostic methods in use for the identification of COVID-19 infection.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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