G3BPs tether the TSC complex to lysosomes and suppress mTORC1 signaling

Abstract

Ras GTPase-activating protein-binding proteins 1 and 2 (G3BP1 and G3BP2, respectively) are widely recognized as core components of stress granules (SGs). We report that G3BPs reside at the cytoplasmic surface of lysosomes. They act in a non-redundant manner to anchor the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) protein complex to lysosomes and suppress activation of the metabolic master regulator mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by amino acids and insulin. Like the TSC complex, G3BP1 deficiency elicits phenotypes related to mTORC1 hyperactivity. In the context of tumors, low G3BP1 levels enhance mTORC1-driven breast cancer cell motility and correlate with adverse outcomes in patients. Furthermore, G3bp1 inhibition in zebrafish disturbs neuronal development and function, leading to white matter heterotopia and neuronal hyperactivity. Thus, G3BPs are not only core components of SGs but also a key element of lysosomal TSC-mTORC1 signaling.

Keywords: G3BP1; G3BP2; TSC complex; cancer; lysosome; mTORC1; metabolism; neuronal function; stress granule.

Graphical abstract

Figure 1

G3BP1 suppresses mTORC1 activation by insulin and nutrients (A) Re-analysis of the MTOR interactome (Schwarz et al., 2015). Shown are mean log₁₀ ratios of proteins in MTOR versus mock IP. (B) IP against MTOR or mock (rat immunoglobulin G [IgG]). n = 6. (C) Arsenite-treated shG3BP1 #1 cells. n = 4. (D) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (C). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (E) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (C). Data are shown as in (D). (F) Insulin and amino acid (insulin/aa)-stimulated shG3BP1 #1 cells. n = 7. (G) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (F). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (H) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (F). Data are shown as in (G). (I) Quantitation of RPS6-pS235/236 in (F). Data are shown as in (G). (J) Insulin/aa-stimulated shG3BP1 #1 cells. n = 5. (K) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (J). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (L) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (J). Data are shown as in (K). (M) Quantitation of RPS6-pS235/236 in (J). Data are shown as in (K). (N) Insulin/aa-stimulated G3BP1 KO cells. n = 3. (O) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (N). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (P) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (N). Data are shown as in (O). (Q) Quantitation of RPS6-pS235/236 in (N). Data are shown as in (O). (R) Full-medium-cultured G3BP1 KO cells. n = 5. (S) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (R). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (T) Rapamycin treatment of insulin/aa-stimulated shG3BP1 #1 cells. n = 4. (U) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (T). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (V) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (T). Data are shown as in (U). (W) Insulin/aa-stimulated G3BP1 KO cells transfected with MYC-FLAG-G3BP1 (48 h). n = 3. (X) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (W). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. See also Figures S1 and S2 and Table S1.

Figure S1

G3BP1 does not alter mTORC1 activity upon arsenite stress but upon stimulation with insulin and nutrients, related to Figure 1 (A) Amino acid sequence of G3BP1. Protein domains indicated according to Reineke and Lloyd (2015) and highlighted in blue, green, brown, yellow and pink. G3BP1 peptides identified in MTOR IPs by mass spectrometry (Schwarz et al., 2015) shown in red. In total, 20 unique peptides were identified with a sequence coverage of 58.4%. (B) IP against RPTOR (RPTOR#1 or #2) or mock (rat IgG). n = 3. (C) IP against MTOR or mock (rat IgG) from rapamycin-treated cells. n = 3. (D) IP against MTOR or mock (rat IgG) from Torin1 or MK2206treated cells. n = 3. (E) IF analysis of G3BP1 and EIF3A in arsenite exposed cells. Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 3. (F) Time course analysis of shG3BP1 #1 cells exposed to arsenite for up to 60 min. n = 3. (G) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (F). Mean ± SEM. (H) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (F). Data shown as in (G). (I) Time course analysis of siG3BP1 cells exposed to arsenite for up to 60 min. n = 3. (J) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (I). Mean ± SEM. (K) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pST389 in (I). Data shown as in (J). (L) Insulin and amino acid (insulin/aa)-stimulated G3BP1 knockdown cells harboring a second shRNA sequence (shG3BP1 #2) targeting another exon than shG3BP1 #1 (Table S1). n = 5. (M) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (L). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (N) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (L). Data shown as in (M). (O) Quantitation of RPS6-pS235/236 in (L). Data shown as in (M). (P) Insulin/aa-stimulated shG3BP1 #2. n = 4. (Q) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (P). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (R) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (P). Data shown as in (Q). (S) Quantitation of RPS6-pS235/236 in (P). Data shown as in (Q). (T) Insulin/aa-stimulated G3BP1 KO cells generated with a second independent guide RNA against G3BP1 (sgRNA # 2, Table S1). Dashed line indicates cutting of immunoblot images to match the time points in (U) and (V). All time points were run on one gel. n = 3. (U) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (T). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (V) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (T). Data shown as in (U).

Figure S2

G3BP1 inhibits mTORC1 in cells without SGs, related to Figure 1 (A) Insulin/aa-stimulated siG3BP1 cells. n = 6. (B) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (A). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (C) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (A). Data shown as in (B). (D) Quantitation of RPS6-pS235/236 in (A). Data shown as in (B). (E) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (G). Mean ± SEM. (F) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (G). Data shown as in (E). (G) Time course analysis of shG3BP1 #1 cells, insulin/aa-stimulated for up to 30 min. n = 3. (H) shG3BP1 #1 cells cultured in full medium. n = 7. (I) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (H). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (J) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (H). Data shown as in (I). (K) shG3BP1 #2 cells cultured in full medium. n = 4. (L) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (K). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (M) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (K). Data shown as in (L). (N) Serum/aa-starved shG3BP1 #1 cells. Arrow, RPS6KB1-pT389 signal. n = 8, including re-analysis of improved contrast detections for data shown in Figures 1F–1H. (O) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (N). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n = 8, including re-analysis of data shown in Figures 1F–1H. (P) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (N). Data shown as in (O). n = 8, including re-analysis of improved contrast detections for data shown in Figures 1F–1H. (Q) IF of shG3BP1 #1 cells. Cells were either serum/aa-starved and stimulated with insulin/aa for 15 min; or serum-starved and treated with arsenite for 30 min. Overlay: white, EIF3A and G3BP1 co-localization; magenta, EIF3A; green, G3BP1; inserts, magnifications of yellow square. Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 3, except shG3BP1 #1, arsenite [0 min], n = 2. (R) Quantitation of data shown in (Q). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (S) Immunoblot performed in parallel to IF data in (Q). Insulin/aa-stimulated shG3BP1 #1 cells. n = 3. (T) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (S). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (U) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (S). Data shown as in (T). (V) Immunoblot performed in parallel to IF data in (Q). Arsenite-exposed shG3BP1 #1 cells. n = 3. (W) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (V). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (X) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (V). Data shown as in (W).

Figure S3

Sequence similarity between G3BP1 and G3BP2, related to Figure 2 (A) Sequence alignment of human G3BP1 (UniProt: Q13283) and G3BP2 (UniProt: Q9UN86). Protein domains are indicated according to Reineke and Lloyd (2015). Blue, identical residues. (B) Sequence similarities of human G3BP1 and G3BP2. Sequence alignments done based on the domain regions defined for G3BP1 in Reineke and Lloyd (2015). Colors correspond to the domains marked in Figure S1A. (C) Scheme of plasmids used for BiFC.

Figure 2

G3BP1 and G3BP2 suppress mTORC1 in a non-redundant manner and form a heterocomplex (A) Insulin/aa-stimulated siG3BP2 cells. n = 4. (B) Quantitation of G3BP2 in (A). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (C) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (A). Data are shown as in (B). (D) Quantitation of RPS6-pS235/236 in (A). Data are shown as in (B). (E) Serum/aa-starved G3BP1 KO cells. n = 4. (F) Quantitation of G3BP2 in (E). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (G) Serum/aa-starved siG3BP1 cells. n = 3. (H) Quantitation of G3BP2 in (G). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (I) Insulin/aa-stimulated G3BP1 KO cells transfected with MYC-FLAG-G3BP1 or MYC-FLAG-G3BP2 (48 h). n = 3. (J) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (I). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (K) IP against G3BP2 or mock (rabbit IgG). n = 2. (L) BiFC. Protein+C-terminal mLumin is indicated first; protein+N-terminal mLumin is indicated second. TL, transmitted light. Scale bar, 100 μm. n = 3. (M) Quantitation of data in (L). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. See also Figure S3.

Figure 3

G3BP1 and G3BP2 reside at lysosomes (A) Quantitation of data in (B). G3BP1, green area. Mean ± SEM. (B) Sucrose density gradient separation of serum/aa-starved MCF-7 cells. n = 3. (C) Lyso-prep with ferromagnetic nanoparticles. PNS, postnuclear supernatant. n = 3. (D) PLA of G3BP1-LAMP1 in serum/aa-starved G3BP1 KO cells. PLA puncta, white dots; nuclei, blue (DAPI). Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 3. (E) Quantitation of data in (D). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n = 8 technical replicates. (F) Trypsin digest of lyso-preps prepared as in (C). n = 3 except for TSC2 (n = 2). (G) IP against TSC2 (TSC2 #1) or mock (mouse IgG). n = 3. (H) PLA of G3BP1-TSC2 in serum/aa-starved G3BP1 KO cells. PLA puncta, white dots; nuclei, blue (DAPI). Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 4. (I) Quantitation of data in (H). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n = 8 technical replicates. (J) IP against MTOR or mock (rat IgG); insulin/aa-stimulated shG3BP1 #1 cells (15 min). n = 4. (K) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (J). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (L) Quantitation of TSC2 in (J). Data are shown as in (K). (M) IP against TSC2 (TSC2 #2 or #3) or mock (rabbit IgG). n = 3. (N) IP against TSC2 (TSC2 #2) or mock (rabbit IgG); insulin/aa-stimulated shG3BP1 #1 cells (15 min). n = 4. (O) Quantitation of TSC1 in (N). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (P) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (N). Data are shown as in (O). (Q) Quantitation of LAMP1 in (N). Data are shown as in (O). See also Figure S4.

Figure S4

G3BP1 phenocopies lysosomal TSC functions, related to Figures 3 and 4 (A) PLA of G3BP1-TSC2 in serum/aa-starved siG3BP1 cells. PLA puncta, white dots; nuclei, blue (DAPI). Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 3. (B) Quantitation of data in (A). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n = 5 technical replicates. (C) Sucrose density gradient of serum/aa-starved or insulin/aa-stimulated MCF-7 cells. n = 3. (D) Quantitation of data in (C). Area under the curve highlighted in green (G3BP1), orange (TSC2), and gray (LAMP2), starved condition; dashed lines, stimulated condition. Mean ± SEM. (E) Insulin/aa-stimulated shG3BP1 #1 cells. n = 5. (F) Quantitation of TSC2-pT1462 in (E). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (G) Quantitation of AKT1-pS473 in (E). Data shown as in (F). (H) Insulin/aa-stimulated siTSC2 cells. n = 6. (I) Quantitation of TSC2 in (H). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (J) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (H). Data shown as in (I). (K) Cell size of TSC2 KO cells. Mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05. n = 3. (L) IF of LAMP2 positioning in serum/aa-starved siG3BP1 cells. White, LAMP2; blue (Hoechst), nuclei. Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 3.

Figure 4

G3BP1 tethers the TSC complex to lysosomes (A) PLA of TSC2-LAMP2 in insulin/aa-stimulated siG3BP1 cells (15 min, 1 μM insulin). PLA puncta, white dots; nuclei, blue (DAPI). Scale bar, 100 μm. n = 4. (B) Quantitation of data in (A). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. Control (0 min) normalized to 1. n = 12 technical replicates. (C) IF of LAMP1-TSC2 co-localization in G3BP1 KO cells transfected with siRHEB; insulin/aa stimulation (1 μM insulin). Overlay: white, LAMP1-TSC2 co-localization; green, TSC2; magenta, LAMP1; insert, magnification of the yellow square. Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 3. (D) Quantitation of data in (C). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (E) TSC2 KO cells in full medium. n = 3. (F) Quantitation of TSC2 in (E). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (G) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (E). Data are shown as in (F). (H) Size of G3BP1 KO cells. Mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05. n = 3. (I) Quantitation of data in (J). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (J) IF of MTOR-LAMP2 co-localization in G3BP1 KO cells. Overlay: white, MTOR-LAMP2 co-localization; green, MTOR; magenta, LAMP2; insert: magnification of the yellow square. Scale bar, 10 μm. n = 3. (K) Insulin-stimulated TSC2 KO cells transfected with siG3BP1. n = 4. (L) Quantitation of TSC2 in (K). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. TSC2 was compared between control and TSC2 KO cells. (M) Quantitation of G3BP1 in (K). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. G3BP1 was compared between siControl and siG3BP1 in control or TSC2 KO cells. (N) Quantitation of RPS6KB1-pT389 in (K). Data are shown as in (M). See also Figure S4.

Figure 5

G3BPs bridge TSC2 to LAMP proteins (A) IP against TSC1 (TSC1 #1) or mock (rabbit IgG) in TSC2 KO cells. n = 3. (B) IP against GFP or FLAG; transfection with the indicated plasmids. n = 5. (C) IP against TSC1 (TSC1 #2) or mock (mouse IgG) incubated with NaCl or SDS. n = 3. (D) IP against GFP or mock (mouse IgG); transfection with the indicated plasmids. n = 3. (E) BiFC. Protein+C-terminal mLumin is indicated first; protein+N-terminal mLumin is indicated second. TL, transmitted light. Scale bar, 100 μm. n = 3. (F) Quantitation of data in (E). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (G) IP against MTOR or mock (rat IgG). n = 3. (H) BiFC. Protein+C-terminal mLumin is indicated first; protein+N-terminal mLumin is indicated second. TL, transmitted light. Scale bar, 100 μm. n = 4. (I) Quantitation of data in (H). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (J) Quantitation of data in (K). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (K) BiFC. Protein+C-terminal mLumin is indicated first; protein+N-terminal mLumin is indicated second. TL, transmitted light. Scale bar, 100 μm. n = 5. (L) BiFC. Protein+C-terminal mLumin is indicated first; protein+N-terminal mLumin is indicated second. TL, transmitted light. Scale bar, 100 μm. n = 3. (M) Quantitation of data in (L). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (N) IP against FLAG or mock (mouse IgG); transfection with the indicated plasmids. n = 3. (O) IP against FLAG or mock (mouse IgG); transfection with the indicated plasmids. n = 3. (P) Phylogenetic analysis. Black square, protein present in species. See also Figure S5.

Figure S5

Expression of BiFC constructs, related to Figure 5 (A) Expression of BiFC fusion proteins used in Figures 5E and 5F. Cells transfected with the indicated plasmids. n = 3. (B) Expression of BiFC fusion proteins used in Figures 5H and 5I. Cells transfected with the indicated plasmids. n = 3. (C) Expression of BiFC fusion proteins used in Figures 5J and 5K. Cells transfected with the indicated plasmids. n = 3. (D) Expression of BiFC fusion proteins used in Figures 5L and 5M. Cells transfected with the indicated plasmids. n = 3.

Figure 6

G3BP1 suppresses mTORC1-driven migration in breast cancer cells (A) Scratch assay with shG3BP1 #1 cells. Scale bar, 150 μm. n = 3. (B) Quantitation of data in (A). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (C) Real-time cell analysis (RTCA) of proliferation of shG3BP1 #1 MCF-7 cells. Mean ± SEM. n = 6. (D) Quantitation of data in (C). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (E) Transwell migration of G3BP1 KO cells (6–8 h). Scale bar, 150 μm. n = 5. (F) Quantitation of data in (E). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (G) G3BP1 mRNA expression. Expression values from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) processed and normalized by RNA-Seq by Expectation Maximization (RSEM) are classified according to PAM50. Data are shown as boxplots, median with 25^th+75^th percentiles as boxes, and 5^th+95^th percentiles as whiskers. (H) Relapse free survival (RFS) of individuals with breast cancer based on G3BP1 RNA levels. (I) RFS of individuals with breast cancer based on G3BP1 protein levels. (J) RFS of individuals with breast cancer based on TSC1 RNA levels. (K) RFS of individuals with breast cancer based on TSC2 RNA levels.

Figure 7

G3BP1 deficiency elicits mTORC1-driven neuronal phenotypes in vivo (A) IP against TSC1 (TSC1 #3) or mock (rabbit IgG). n = 2. (B) Zebrafish larvae injected with g3bp1 MO. dpf, days post fertilization. n = 4/day. (C) Quantitation of Rps6-pS235/236 in (B), pooled for 2+3 dpf. Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (D) Dorsal and lateral view of a zebrafish larva brain. P, pallium; OT, optic tectum; H, habenula; Cb, cerebellum; OB, olfactory bulb; SP, subpallium; Th, thalamus; Tub, tuberculum; T, tegmentum; HTh, hypothalamus. (E) IF of Rps6-pS235/236 in g3bp1 MO-injected zebrafish larvae. Nuclei, blue (DAPI); dashed white lines, white matter (WM) compartments of the pallium; arrows, Rps6-pS235/236-positive cells in the WM. Scale bar, 25 μm. n ≥ 29 larvae/condition. (F) Quantitation of Rps6-pS235/236-positive cells in the pallium in (E). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (G) Quantitation of cells in the WM in (E). Data are shown as in (F). (H) Quantitation of Rps6-pS235/236-positive cells in the WM in (E). Data are shown as in (F). (I) Quantitation of HuC-positive cells in g3bp1 MO zebrafish larvae (24 hpf [hours post fertilization]). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n ≥ 10 larvae/condition. (J) Movement speed of single HuC-positive cells. Data are shown as in (I). (K) Track duration of single HuC-positive cells. Data are shown as in (I). Arrow, maximum track duration. (L) Quantitation of epileptiform events in LFP recordings from the pallia of g3bp1 MO zebrafish larvae (4 dpf). Mean ± SEM. n ≥ 34 larvae/condition. (M) Representative LFP recordings for (L). (N) Quantitation of epileptiform events in LFP recordings from optic tecta of g3bp1 MO zebrafish larvae (4 dpf). Mean ± SEM. n ≥ 20 larvae/condition. (O) Representative LFP recordings for (N). (P) Neuronal activity in pallia of Tg(HuC:GCaMP5G) zebrafish larvae injected with g3bp1 MO (4 dpf). Dashed white lines, pallium; arrows, ectopic cells with high neuronal activity in the WM; yellow/orange, high neuronal activity. Scale bar, 25 μm. n ≥ 27 larvae/condition. (Q) Quantitation of active neuronal cells in (P). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. (R) Quantitation of mean neuronal activity in the subpallia of Tg(HuC:GCaMP5G) zebrafish larvae injected with g3bp1 MO (4 dpf). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n ≥ 15 larvae/condition. (S) Quantitation of mean neuronal activity in the WM of Tg(HuC:GCaMP5G) zebrafish larvae injected with g3bp1 MO (4 dpf). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n ≥ 14 larvae/condition. (T) Quantitation of rapamycin-mediated fold reduction in the activity of single cells in the WM of Tg(HuC:GCaMP5G) zebrafish larvae injected with g3bp1 MO (4 dpf). The number of active cells in rapamycin-treated larvae was normalized to those in untreated larvae. Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n ≥ 14 larvae/condition. (U) Quantitation of GABAergic cells in optic tecta of Tg(dlx5a/dlx6a-EGFP) x Tg(vglut2a:loxP-RFP-loxP-GFP) zebrafish larvae injected with g3bp1 MO (4 dpf). Shown are data points and mean ± SEM. n ≥ 34 larvae/condition. (V) Quantitation of glutamatergic cells in optic tecta of Tg(dlx5a/dlx6a-EGFP) x Tg(vglut2a:loxP-RFP-loxP-GFP) zebrafish larvae injected with g3bp1 MO (4 dpf). Data are shown as in (U). (W) Locomotor activity of tsc2 MO zebrafish larvae (4 dpf). Mean ± SEM. n ≥ 26 larvae/condition. (X) Locomotor activity of g3bp1 MO zebrafish larvae (4 dpf). Mean ± SEM. n ≥ 36 larvae/condition. (Y) Locomotor activity of g3bp1 MO zebrafish larvae (4 dpf). Mean ± SEM. n = 24, untreated, n = 36 ethosuximide-treated larvae/condition. See also Figure S6, Table S2, and Videos S1 and S2.

Figure S6

Background information for the zebrafish experiments, related to Figure 7 (A) Sequence alignment of human (Hs) G3BP1 (UniProt: Q13283) and zebrafish (Dr) G3bp1 (UniProt: Q6P124). Protein domains indicated according to Reineke and Lloyd (2015). Blue, identical residues. The sequences share 67.8% identity and 77.4% similarity. (B) Treatment scheme of the g3bp1 MO and control MO injected zebrafish larvae for the analyses at 4 dpf (96 hpf): IF analysis, non-invasive local field potential (LFP) recordings, cell activity measurements, GABAergic and glutamatergic network analysis, locomotor tracking; treatment with rapamycin or ethosuximide at 3 dpf (72 hpf). (C) Treatment scheme for the neuronal migration experiments with the Tg(HuC:GCaMP5G) transgenic line. Migration of HuC positive cells from the subventricular zone (SVZ) toward outer layers was analyzed at 24 hpf. (D) Schematic frontal view of the zebrafish front brain at 24 hpf. Green, HuC expressing cells. Magenta arrows, direction of migration from the SVZ to outer layers. V, ventricle; OP, olfactory placodes. (E) LFPs from larval pallia. Representative 10 min recordings of non-invasive LFPs from g3bp1 MO or control MO injected zebrafish larvae. Treatment as indicated in (B). Magnification of a polyspiking event is shown for each condition. n > 34 larvae per condition. (F) LFPs from larval optic tecta. Representative 10 min recordings of non-invasive LFPs from g3bp1 MO or control MO injected zebrafish larvae. Treatment as indicated in (B). Magnification of a polyspiking event is shown for each condition. n > 20 larvae per condition.